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Psych And Soc- MCAT > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

personality is shaped by a persons unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

two drives that motivate human behavior. Libido-life instinct (survival, growth, pleasure, pain avoidance, creativity) and death instinct-aggressive behaviors fueled by unconscious wish to die or hurt oneself or others

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3
Q

unconcious id

A

source of energy and instincts. ruled by pleasure principle, seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain, gain pleasure

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4
Q

ego

A

ruled by reality principle, uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and the id

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5
Q

superego

A

inhibits the id and influences the ego to follow moralistic and ideal goals, not just realistic goals, Strives for a higher purpose, makes judgments of right or wrong and strives for perfection

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6
Q

repression

A

lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory

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7
Q

denial

A

forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory

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8
Q

Reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of what one really feels

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9
Q

projection

A

attributing ones own unacceptable thoughts onto another person

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10
Q

displacement

A

redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action or object onto a less dangerous one

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11
Q

rationalization

A

explaining and intellectually justifying ones impulsive behavior

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12
Q

regression

A

reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior

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13
Q

sublimation

A

channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive constructive activities, such as producing art or working out

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14
Q

when child is attracted to opposite sex parent and hostile toward the same sex parent

A

Oedipus complex in a boy

Electra complex in a girl

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15
Q

latency stage

A

sexual interests subside and are replaced by interests in areas such as school, friends and sports

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16
Q

genital stage

A

begins in adolescence when sexual themes resurface and a persons life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendships, art, sports, and careers

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17
Q

psychologically fixated

A

when parents frustrate or overindulge the childs expression of sensual pleasure at a certain stage, so that the child does not resolve that stages developmental conflicts, they become fixated. therefore as an adult, continue to seek sensual pleasure through behaviors related to that stage

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18
Q

Erik Ericson

A

added social and interpersonal factors to Freud’s focus on unconscious conflicts within a person.

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19
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

if an infants physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult, he or she may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships

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20
Q

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

A

Is the toddlers need to explore, make mistakes, and test limits are not met, as Adult he or she may be dependent rather than autonomous

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21
Q

Initiative versus guilt

A

If young child’s need to make decisions is not met at this age as an adult here she may feel guilty taking initiative and instead allow others to choose (preschool)

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22
Q

Industry versus inferiority

A

If they school-age child needs to understand the world develop a general identity succeed in school and set and attain personal goals are not met this stage as an adult here she may feel inadequate

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23
Q

Identity versus role confusion

A

It’s an adolescent does not test limits and clarify his or her identity, goals, life meaning, here she may develop role confusion

24
Q

Intimacy versus isolation

A

If a young adult does not form intimate relationships at this stage here she may become alienated and isolated

25
Q

Generativity versus stagnation

A

If a middle-aged person does not at this stage feel productive by helping the next generation in resolving differences between actual accomplishments in earlier dreams, here she may become stuck in psychological stagnation

26
Q

Integrity versus despair

A

Later in life if a person looks back with regrets and a lack of personal worth at this stage, he or she may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self rejecting

27
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

Sometimes referred to as talk therapy because therapy sessions usually focus on patients talking about their lives. The therapist will look for patterns or significant events that may play a role in the clients current difficulties. Psychoanalyst believe that childhood events in unconscious feelings thoughts and motivation play rolling mental illnesses in maladaptive behaviors. May also use other techniques such as free association role-play and dream interpretation

28
Q

Humanistic theory

A

Focuses on healthy personality development. Humans are seen as inherently good and has having free will rather than having their behavior determined by early relationships.

29
Q

Actualizing Tendency

A

Is an innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism.

30
Q

Self actualization

A

Realizing his or her human potential as long as no obstacle intervenes

31
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Develops to humanistic theory. When a child receives disapproval from a caregiver for certain behavior here she senses that the caregivers positive regard is conditional in order to win the caregivers approval and see both self and caregivers good, the child interject secure givers values taking them as a part of his or her own self concept

32
Q

Self-concept

A

Is made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about him or herself

33
Q

Incongruence

A

Encountering experiences in life that contradict their self concepts, they feel uncomfortable

34
Q

Humanistic therapy also called person centered therapy

A

Provides an environment that will help clients trust and except themselves and their emotional reactions so they can learn and grow from their experiences. The therapist trust in the client, the therapist communicating genuineness, unconditional positive regard and empathetic understanding to the client are all essential

35
Q

Behaviorist perspective

A

Personality as a result of learned behavior patterns based on the persons environment. Believes learning occurs through classical conditioning or operant conditioning

36
Q

Behaviorism is Deterministic

A

People begin as blank slates environment reinforcement and punishment completely determine and individuals subsequent behavior and personalities. This process begins in childhood and continues throughout the lifespan

37
Q

Reinforcement and punishment

A

Positive reinforcement is the presence of rewarding stimulus

Positive punishment is the presence of an aversive stimulus

Negative reinforcement is the absence of an aversive stimulus

Negative punishment is the absence of a rewarding stimulus

38
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

Uses conditioning to shape a clients behaviors in the desired direction. Using the ABC model the therapist first performance of functional assessment to determine the antecedents A and consequences C of the behavior B. Relaxation training and systematic desensitization to help clients manage fear and anxiety.

39
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Personality is formed by reciprocal interaction among behavioral cognitive environmental factors.
…………………………………………………….
portions of an individual’s knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events and use this information to guide subsequent behaviors.

40
Q

Observational learning or vicarious learning

A

occurs when a person watches another person’s behavior and its consequences, thereby learning rules strategies and expected outcomes in different situations.

41
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

From the cognitive perspective the roots of psychopathology are irrational or dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The goal is to help the client become aware of these substitute rational or accurate beliefs and thoughts which will lead to more functional feelings and behaviors.

42
Q

Surface trait

A

Evident from a person’s behavior for example a person might be described as talkative exuberant

43
Q

Source traits

A

Are the factors underlying human personality and behavior; source traits are fewer and more abstract

44
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Used factor analysis with hundreds of service traits to identify which traits were related to each other. By this process he identified 16 surface traits. further factor analysis reduce 15 of those into five global factors or source traits: extroversion, anxiety receptively accommodation and self-control.

45
Q

Five factor model

A

Described by McCrae and Costa. The five factors in their version are extroversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

46
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Propose that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation. In this view, introverts are more easily aroused and therefore require intolerant less external stimulation, where’s extroverts are less easily aroused and therefore comfortable and more stimulating environments. Also proposed that a person’s level of neuroticism is based on individual differences in limbic system. Twin studies and adoption studies have found strong evidence for the heritability of extroversion and neuroticism

47
Q

Jeffrey Alan Gray

A

Proposed the personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli. In this view fearfulness and avoidance early to the fight or flight sympathetic nervous system, worrying anxiety are linked to the behavioral inhibition system, and optimism and impulsivity are linked to the behavioral approach system

48
Q

C. Robert Cloninger

A

Linked personality to brain systems involved with the reward motivation in punishment. Propose the personalities link to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters and three interacting systems. In this view low dopamine activity correlates with higher impulsivity in novelty seeking, low norepinephrine activity correlates with higher approval seeking and rewarded dependence, and low serotonin activity correlates with risk avoidance. Correlations have been found between novelty seeking and gray matter volume in the cingulate cortex, between reward dependence and gray matter volume in the Caudate nucleus, and between harm avoidance and gray matter volume in the orbital frontal occipital and bridal cortices

49
Q

Person situation controversy.. Also known as the trait versus state controversy

A

Considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality (trait) or is due to the situation itself (state)

50
Q

Traits

A

Are considered to be internal stable and enduring aspects of personality that should be consistent across most situations

51
Q

States

A

Are situational; they are unstable,temporary, and variable aspects of personality that are influenced by the external environment

52
Q

Instinct-motivation

A

Behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed pattern throughout a species

53
Q

Drive reduction theory -motivation

A

A physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior

54
Q

Incentive -motivation

A

Can be negative or positive

55
Q

Abraham Masclaw -motivation

A

Sought to explain human behavior by creating a hierarchy of needs

Physiological needs-> safety needs-> love and belongingness -> esteem needs -> self actualization

Psych And Soc- MCAT (17 decks)

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