Human Development

Question 1

Rooting reflex

Answer 1

The baby will turn its head in the direction of the stroke on one of its cheeks and open its mouth to “root” for a nipple

Question 2

Suckling reflex

Answer 2

Linked with the rooting reflex in response to anything touching the roof of the babies mouth it will begin to suck

Question 3

Babinski reflex

Answer 3

In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, the babies big toe moves upward or toward the top of the surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

Question 4

Tonic neck reflex

Answer 4

In response to his head being turned to one side the baby will stretch out its arm on the same side and the opposite arm bends at the elbow. this reflex lasts about 6 to 7 months

Question 5

Palmar grasp reflex

Answer 5

In response to stroking the babies palm the baby’s hand will grasp. this reflex lasts a few months

Question 6

Walking/stepping reflex

Answer 6

In response to the soles of the babies feet touching a flat surface, they will attempt to walk by placing 1 foot in front of the other. This reflex disappears around six weeks and reappears around 8 to 12 months when the baby learns to walk

Question 7

Reflexive movements

Answer 7

Are primitive involuntary movements that serve to prime the neuromuscular system and form the basis for the more sophisticated movement to come.

Question 8

Rudimentary movements

Answer 8

Serve as the first voluntary movement performed by a child they occur in very predictable stages from birth to age to include rolling sitting crawling standing walking. These form the foundation on which fundamental movements are built and are primarily dictated by genetics.

Question 9

Fundamental movement

Answer 9

Occurs from age 2 to 7; during this time the child is learning to manipulate his body through action such as running jumping throwing catching. The stage is highly influenced by the environment much more than the rudimentary movement stage. Physical activity and games are necessary for proper motor development. They initially start a uncoordinated but become more refined and coordinated.

Question 10

Specialized movement

Answer 10

Combining fundamental movements with a specific task… can be subdivided into shorter stages a transitional stage in an application stage

Question 11

Transitional substage

Answer 11

Where the combination of movements occur; for example grasping throwing jumping are combined to shoot a basket in basketball.

Question 12

Application substage

Answer 12

Defined more by conscious decisions to apply the skills to specific types of activity; for example the child might choose to play basketball whereas another might use the same set of skills to play baseball. The application of strategy to movement is now possible choosing to delay shooting the basketball until she has a clear shot at the basket

Question 13

Lifelong application stage

Answer 13

Beginning and adolescents in for aggressing through adulthood. Movements are continually refined and applied to normal daily activities as well as recreational and competitive activities.

Question 14

Neural networks

Answer 14

And immature brain does not have many of these. Codified routes for information processing. These neurons form neural networks during infancy and early childhood development and are reinforced by learning and behavior. From ages 3 to 6 the most rapid growth occurs in the frontal lobe’s corresponding to an increase in rational planning and attention. The association areas linked with thinking, memory and language are the last cortical areas to develop

Question 15

Maturation

Answer 15

Sequence of biological growth processes and human development. Although largely genetic it is still influence by environment.

Question 16

Infantile amnesia

Answer 16

Even though humans are unable to recall memories from this. Babies and young children are still capable of learning and memory.

Question 17

Stranger anxiety

Answer 17

From 8 to 12 months of age young children cry including two caregiver when they’re around someone they don’t know. Infants have developed schemas for familiar faces and when new faces do not fit already developed schema the infant becomes distressed

Question 18

Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow

Answer 18

Bread monkeys for experiments. Infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth and provided with the baby blanket. When the blankets were removed for laundering the baby monkeys became very distressed because they had formed an intense attachment to the object. Baby monkeys preferred class mother rather than why her mother even though the other one had a bottle. The monkey spent most of its time with the cloth mother but went to eat occasionally from the wire mother. Contact comfort was essential element of infant/mother bonding and essential to psychological development.

Question 19

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 19

Conducted the strange situation experiments were mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how they would react. Securely attached infants in the presence of their mother will play and explore but when the mother leaves the infant is distressed. When the mother returns the infants will seek contact with her and is easily consoled.

Insecurely attached infants in the presence of their mother are less likely to explore the surroundings and may even cleaned their mother when the mother leaves they will cry loudly and remain upset or will demonstrate indifference to their departure and return. Securely attached infants have sensitive and responsive mothers. Insecurely attached infants have mothers who are insensitive and unresponsive. The Klos artificial monkey would be considered insensitive and unresponsive.

Question 20

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 20

Controlling children with strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally. Will often utilize punishment instead of discipline and will not explain the reasoning behind the rules. Very demanding but not very responsive to children and did not provide warmth or nurturing. Children May display more aggressive behavior towards others or magic shine fearful around others have lower self-esteem and difficulty in social situations

Question 21

Permissive parenting

Answer 21

Allowed children to leave the show. Few rules and demands. Rarely discipline their children. Very responsive and loving towards children but are lenient, if rules exist they are enforced inconsistently. Children Tend to lack self-discipline maybe self-involved and demanding and may demonstrate poor social skills

Question 22

Authoritative parenting

Answer 22

Listen to their children encourage independence place limits on behavior and consistently follow through with consequences when behavior is not met express warmth and nurturing and allow children to express their opinions and to discuss options. Discipline and fair and consistent manner. The best parenting style tends to produce children that are happier I’ve got emotional control the regulation developing social skills and are confident in their abilities.

Question 23

Moral (startle) reflex

Answer 23

And infant will startle response to a loud sound or sudden movement the baby throws back it’s had an extended arms and legs cries and pulls the arms and legs back in. Present at birth and last until about six months