Self-Concept And Identity

Question 1

Incongruity

Answer 1

When the real self falls short of the ideal self

Carl Rogers

Question 2

Self-efficiency

Answer 2

A belief in one’s own competence and effectiveness

Question 3

Locus of control

Answer 3

Those with an internal locus of control believe they are able to influence outcomes through their own efforts and actions

Those with an external locus of control perceive outcomes as controlled by outside forces.

Question 4

Learned helplessness

Answer 4

In an extreme situation, in which people are exposed to situations in which they have no control, they may learn not to act because they believe it will not affect the outcome anyway. Even once the situation passes and they find themselves once again in arenas in which they can exert some control, this lack of action may persist

Question 5

Self-esteem

Answer 5

One’s overall self evaluation of one self-worth

Question 6

Identity information or individuation

Answer 6

The development of a distinct individual personality.

Question 7

Charles Cooley

Answer 7

Looking glass self- A person sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others and society and the perception of others

Question 8

George Herbert Mead

Answer 8

Social behaviorism- The mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others. The idea that the mind and self emerge through the social process of communication or use of symbols was the beginning of the symbolic interactionism school of psychology

Question 9

Meads specific path to development of the self

Answer 9

During the preparatory stage children merely imitate others as they have no concept of how others see things.

In the play stage children take on the rules of others through playing such as the role of mom. During this stage children learn to consider multiple roles simultaneously and can understand the responsibilities of multiple roles.

Child develops understanding of generalized other, the common behavioral expectations of general society

Question 10

Meads “me and I”

Answer 10

ME is how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it. Could also be defined as the social self.

I is the response to the ME. in other words the I is the response of the individual to the attitudes of others. I is the self as subject; the Me is the self as object.

Question 11

Socialization

Answer 11

The process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society. It is a lifelong sociological process where people learn the attitudes, values and beliefs that are reinforced by a particular culture.

Question 12

Feral children

Answer 12

Individuals who are not raise with the human contact or care and a large part of our understanding about the importance of socialization is drive from what has been learned about their experiences and the terrible consequences of growing up without proper human care in contact.

Question 13

Sanctions

Answer 13

Rewards and punishment for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

Question 14

Formal norms

Answer 14

Generally written down; laws are example of formal norms. They are precisely defined publicly presented and often accompanied by strict penalties for those who violate them

Question 15

Informal norms

Answer 15

Generally understood but are less precise and often carry no specific punishments. One example is greeting an interviewer with a handshake..a norm in the United States. Not to do so does not carry a fine but it may affect the interviewers perception of the job candidate

Question 16

Mores (more-Rays)

Answer 16

Norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced. For example, animal abuse and trees and their actions to break Mores in the United States and carry harsh penalties.

Question 17

Folkways

Answer 17

Norms that are less important but shape every day behavior for example styles of dress ways of greeting.

Crossing within a crosswalk when walking the street. It should be formal but there are no harsh punishments.

Question 18

Self reference effect

Answer 18

Tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

Question 19

Agents of socialization

Answer 19

Family, school, peer groups, workplace, religion/government, mass media/technology

Question 20

Assimilation

Answer 20

The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of the different culture. Usually the individual is a member of the minority group who is attempting to conform to the culture of the Dominant group

A+B+C = A

Question 21

Amalgamation

Answer 21

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

A +B+ C = D

Question 22

Multiculturalism or pluralism

Answer 22

Is a perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions. Promotes the melting pot

Question 23

Subculture

Answer 23

A segment of society that shares a distinct pattern of traditions and values that differs from that of the larger society

Ex hippies

Question 24

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 24

Include six identifiable developmental stages of moral reasoning, which form the basis of ethical behavior. Grouped in three levels two stages in age level.

Level one is typical of children….pre-conventional. Stage one is obedience and punishment orientation in stage two is self interest orientation.

Level two is typical of adolescents and adults. Conventional level. Stage III is interpersonal accord and conformity and stage four is authority and social order maintaining orientation

Level III many people never reach this abstract level of moral reasoning. Postconventional level. Stage five is the social contract orientation were individual see laws and social contract to be changed when they do not promote general welfare. Stage six is universal ethical principles, morality is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles; laws are only valid if they are grounded in justice