Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the process of transferring sensory information into our memory system

Question 2

Serial Position Effect

Answer 2

when someone attempts to memorize a series, such as a list of words. In an immediate recall condition(shortly after information is first presented), the individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items on the list. Includes primary and recency effect

Question 3

Primary effect

Answer 3

first items are more easily recalled because they have had the most time to be encoded and transferred to long-term memory

Question 4

Recency Effect

Answer 4

last items may be more easily recalled because they may still be in the phonological loop, being readily available. However if asked to recall a list at a later point, the person might not remember the last information because it was lost or decayed while the first information was processed into long term memory.

Question 5

mnemonic

Answer 5

any technique for improving retention and retrieval of information from memory

Question 6

rehersal

Answer 6

repeating a phonological loop over and over

Question 7

chunking

Answer 7

information is recorded in discrete groups of data. Example: remembering that a group of letters makes a particular word.

Question 8

hierarchies

Answer 8

when words or things are organized into groups

Question 9

depth of processing

Answer 9

information thought about at a deeper level is better remembered

Question 10

dual coding hypothesis

Answer 10

says that it is easier to remember words with associated images than words or images alone

Question 11

acronym

Answer 11

using short words and phrases to remember longer strings of information

Question 12

method of loci

Answer 12

involves imaging moving through a familiar place, such as your home, and in each place, leaving a visual representation of a topic to be remembered.

Question 13

self reference effect

Answer 13

things that are personally relevant are more easily remembered

Question 14

Sensory memory

Answer 14

initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is a very brief snapshot that quickly decays

Question 15

Iconic memory

Answer 15

brief photographic memory for visual information, which decays in a few tenths of a second

Question 16

Echoic memory

Answer 16

a memory for sound, lasts about 3-4 seconds. why you ask ppl to repeat what they said if you didn’t quite hear them

Question 17

short term memory

Answer 17

recall capacity for adults is about 7 items. only retains info for about 20 seconds unless actively processed and transferred to long term memory. where new info sought to be remembered resides, correlated with the hippocampus. Different from Working memory which is correlated with prefrontal cortex and a storage bin to store memories that needed in a particular moment to process info or solve a problem

Question 18

long term memory

Answer 18

retained sometimes indefinitely, has infinite capacity

Question 19

Implicit/procedural memory

Answer 19

conditioned associations and knowledge of how to do something. motor skills and actions. (playing a sport). cerebellum

Question 20

Explicit/declarative memory

Answer 20

being able to “declare” or voice what is known. subdivided into semantic and episodic memory. hippocampus. info is only retained if hippocampus is fully developed.

Question 21

Semantic memory

Answer 21

memory of factual information. deteriorates before episodic does

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

autobiographical memory for personal importance

Question 23

nodes

Answer 23

individual ideas that make up an organized network of long term memory

Question 24

associations

Answer 24

connecting the nodes which are like roads connecting cities. strength of association is related to how frequently and how deeply a connection is made

Question 25

response threshold

Answer 25

strong input signals from neighbors that cause a response. The response threshold is reached my summation of input signals from multiple nodes. Stronger neural connections have more dendrites

Question 26

spreading activation

Answer 26

we start the search from one node. we don’t choose where we go next. the activated node spreads its activation to other nodes around it which are associated with that node. explains why if you chew a certain type of gum studying, then you will better remember that info if you chew the gum again

Question 27

free recall

Answer 27

retrieving an item out of thin air

Question 28

cued recall

Answer 28

retrieving an item when provided with a cue

Question 29

priming

Answer 29

prior activation of nodes

Question 30

mood-dependent memory

Answer 30

what is learned in one state is most easily recalled when in that state again

Question 31

prospective memory

Answer 31

remembering to do things in the future

Question 32

anterograde amnesia

Answer 32

inability to encode new memories

Question 33

retrograde amnesia

Answer 33

inability to recall info that was previously encoded

Question 34

retention interval

Answer 34

time since information was learned, the more information will be forgotten, the most forgetting happens in the first few days before leveling off

Question 35

proactive inference

Answer 35

when information previously learned interferes with the ability to recall info learned later. ex: remembering where you parked your car in a parking garage after parking there many times before

Question 36

retroactive interference

Answer 36

when newly learned info interferes with the recall information learned previously. ex: learning new address interferes with remembering an old one.

Question 37

positive transfer

Answer 37

when old info facilitates the learning of new info

Question 38

misinformation effect

Answer 38

a tendancy to misremember

Question 39

false memories

Answer 39

when implanting false ideas leads to believing the memory was real

Question 40

source monitoring

Answer 40

an error can cause one to forget the information’s source

Question 41

neural plasticity

Answer 41

malleability of brain

Question 42

neurogenisis

Answer 42

birth of new neurons, small extent in hippocampus and cerebellum