Type 1 Diabetes

Question 1

most common reason for death in diabetes?

Answer 1

cardiac/renal complications

Question 2

what fasting glucose value is diagnostic of diabetes if they have symptoms?

Answer 2

> 7mmol

Question 3

what random glucose value is diagnostic of diabetes if they have symptoms?

Answer 3

> 11.1mmol

Question 4

what tests should be done if still unsure about T1DM diagnosis?

Answer 4

GAD/IA2 antibodies

C peptide

Question 5

what happens at a cellular level to the pancreatic islet in T1DM?

Answer 5

lymphocytes attack it

Question 6

which type of diabetes has amyloid deposition destroying cells?

Answer 6

type 2

Question 7

are you more likely to get T1D if your mother or father has it?

Answer 7

father

Question 8

what genes put someone at the highest risk of T1DM?

Answer 8

HLA

Question 9

what autoantibodies are best to check in older populations?

Answer 9

GAD

ZnT8 antibody

Question 10

what autoantibodies are best to check in younger people?

Answer 10

IA-2 antibiody

IAA

Question 11

maternal factors that are diabetic risks to the child?

Answer 11

infection
age
birth order
stress

Question 12

what factors can cause a prediabetes to become clinical diabetes?

Answer 12

viral infection
vitamin d deficiency
dietary problems

Question 13

what accelerates the deterioration of diabetes?

Answer 13

infection
puberty
diet
weight
stress

Question 14

disease marker features of diabetes?

Answer 14

raised glucose
ketones
decreased insulin
decreased beta cell mass 
decreased c peptide

Question 15

are autoantibodies present in prediabetes?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

T1DM triad?

Answer 16

polyuria
polydipsia
weight loss

Question 17

presenting symptoms of T1DM?

Answer 17

fatigue
blurred vision
candida infection

Question 18

when would you refer someone to hospital if they had T1DM?

Answer 18

DKA
significant ketonaemia
vomiting

Question 19

how to manage newly diagnosed T1DM?

Answer 19

blood glucose and ketone monitoring
basal insulin once daily
bolus insulin with meals
carb counting

Question 20

ideal range for HBA1C?

Answer 20

48-58mmol/mol

Question 21

what do you check on annual review of T1DM?

Answer 21

weight
blood pressure
HBA1C, renal function, lipids
retinal screening
foot risk assessment

Question 22

in normal people, how is insulin secreted after a meal?

Answer 22

rapid phase of preformed insulin after 5-10 mins

slow phase over 1-2 hours

Question 23

into what vein does insulin secrete to?

Answer 23

portal vein

Question 24

which type of diabetes has the closest link with family history?

Answer 24

MODY

Question 25

which diabetic type has the fastest and most severe onset of symptoms?

Answer 25

type 1

Question 26

peak period of onset for type 1?

Answer 26

<5 and 10-14

Question 27

peak period of onset for MODY?

Answer 27

neonate to teen

Question 28

which diabetic type has complications at presentation?

Answer 28

type 2

Question 29

which diabetic type(s) exprience ketonuria?

Answer 29

type 1 | maybe secondary

Question 30

commonest cause of neonatal diabetes?

Answer 30

MODY

Question 31

what is LADA

Answer 31

slowly progressive type 1 | get elevated levels of pancreatic autoantibodies

Question 32

age in which LADA is found?

Answer 32

adults 25 to 40

Question 33

is LADA autoantibody positive?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

how should you screen for diabetes in CF patients?

Answer 34

OGTT from age 10

Question 35

what does DIDMOAD stand for?

Answer 35

``` Diabetes Insipidus Diabetes Mellitus Optic Atrophy Deafness Neurological Anomalies ```

Question 36

what illness would you suspect in someone with consanguineous parents who is obese and has sense impairments and diabetes?

Answer 36

bardet biedl syndrome

Question 37

are antibodies positive in MODY?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

common associated autoimmune conditions with diabetes?

Answer 38

``` thyroid coeliac pernicious anaemia addisons IgA deficiency ```

Question 39

when do you have to tell the DVLA you're a diabetic?

Answer 39

>1 severe hypo in the last year on insulin therapy diabetic complications eg retinopathy

Question 40

is risk of inheriting type 1 diabetes higher than type 2?

Answer 40

no