Imaging in Endocrinology

Question 1

which MRI sequence shows cerebrospinal fluid as black?

Answer 1

T1

Question 2

which MRI sequence is better for looking at anatomical structures?

Answer 2

T1

Question 3

which MRI sequence is better for looking at pathologies?

Answer 3

T2

Question 4

what structure is the pituitary gland found in?

Answer 4

sella turcica

Question 5

what connects the pituitary gland to the brain?

Answer 5

via pituitary stalk

Question 6

does the sphenoid sinus look dark or light on MRI?

Answer 6

dark

Question 7

where is the pituitary in relation to the optic chiasm?

Answer 7

inferior

Question 8

what structure(s) is/are located lateral to the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

carotid arteries

Question 9

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

superior

Question 10

what is the thyroid gland deep to?

Answer 10

strap muscles

Question 11

best imaging for thyroid?

Answer 11

CT

USS

Question 12

what structure(s) is/are lateral to the thyroid

Answer 12

common carotid arteries

internal jugular veins

Question 13

is the internal jugular vein or the common carotid artery located most medially?

Answer 13

common carotid

Question 14

what colour will the trachea appear on CT and why?

Answer 14

black as it is gas filled

Question 15

what colour will the thyroid appear on CT and why?

Answer 15

very white as it is full of iodine

Question 16

what structure is particularly at risk in a total thyroidectomy?

Answer 16

parathyroid glands

Question 17

what would you suspect in a lateral mass over the neck?

Answer 17

enlarged lymph nodes

Question 18

what would you suspect in a midline mass in the neck?

Answer 18

enlarged thyroid

Question 19

diffuse causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

graves

thyroiditis

Question 20

focal causes of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

dominant nodule

Question 21

when would thyroid USS be used in euthyroid patients?

Answer 21

goite

palpable nodule

Question 22

when would thyroid USS be used in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 22

focal masses

radioisotope uptake

Question 23

is thyroid uptake percentage greater in graves or euthyroid

Answer 23

graves

Question 24

what condition presents with homogenously reduced tracer uptake in thyroid uptake scan?

Answer 24

thyroiditis

Question 25

what condition presents with foscal uptake in the right upper pole?

Answer 25

multi nodular goitre with a dominant nodule

Question 26

best imaging for adrenals?

Answer 26

CT | MRI

Question 27

what do the adrenals look like on MRI?

Answer 27

upside down Y shapes

Question 28

name the 2 limbs of an adrenal gland?

Answer 28

medial | lateral

Question 29

what relationship does the right adrenal gland have with the IVC?

Answer 29

lies posterior to it

Question 30

where is the left adrenal gland in relation to the aorta?

Answer 30

lateral

Question 31

when would you do an MABG test?

Answer 31

if you suspect phaeochromocytoma but catecholamines arent raised

Question 32

where is the epiphysis on an image?

Answer 32

above the growth plate

Question 33

what part of the bone is changing?

Answer 33

metaphysis

Question 34

what do trabeculae look like on imaging?

Answer 34

white, squiggly lines

Question 35

how are trabeculae formed?

Answer 35

osteoblasts replace cartilage with osteoid

Question 36

what part of the bone are trabeculae in?

Answer 36

medulla but condense towards the cortex

Question 37

where do cartilaginous bones first ossify?

Answer 37

diaphysis

Question 38

where do cartilage bones ossify after their first ossification?

Answer 38

epiphysis

Question 39

how is bone girth increased?

Answer 39

cell proliferation from the periosteum

Question 40

how is bone length increased?

Answer 40

cartilage proliferation at the growth plates

Question 41

where is the metaphysis?

Answer 41

under the growth plate

Question 42

name a diffuse bone abnormality

Answer 42

``` brittle bone disease osteoporosis rickets osteomalacia pagets ```

Question 43

density of which area of bone is affected in osteoporosis?

Answer 43

trabeculae

Question 44

what pathology is common to rickets and osteomalacia?

Answer 44

non ossification of soft osteoid

Question 45

what dos rickets look like on x ray?

Answer 45

widened growth plates | irregular, flared metaphyses

Question 46

what kind of fractures can myelomas cause?

Answer 46

multiple wedge compression fractures

Question 47

what happens in pagets?

Answer 47

increased bone turnover

Question 48

what does the sclerotic phase of pagets cause?

Answer 48

enlarged bone increased density coarse trabecular pattern

Question 49

difference between lytic and sclerotic phases of bone conditions?

Answer 49

``` lytic = bone destruction sclerotic = bone formation ```

Question 50

how is bone destructed in the lucent phase of bone conditions?

Answer 50

loss of trabeculae and inner cortex | medullary lucency

Question 51

how is bone formed in the sclerotic phase of bone conditions?

Answer 51

loss of trabeulae | spreading density to featureless white bone

Question 52

what does lucent mean?

Answer 52

benign | well defined

Question 53

sclerotic pelvis + ureteric stent on imaging = ?

Answer 53

prostate cancer

Question 54

what kind of imaging is good for osteotic bone mets?

Answer 54

bone scentigraphy

Question 55

activity of what cells is measured in a bone scan?

Answer 55

osteoblasts