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2 Endocrine > Imaging in Endocrinology > Flashcards

Imaging in Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

which MRI sequence shows cerebrospinal fluid as black?

A

T1

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2
Q

which MRI sequence is better for looking at anatomical structures?

A

T1

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3
Q

which MRI sequence is better for looking at pathologies?

A

T2

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4
Q

what structure is the pituitary gland found in?

A

sella turcica

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5
Q

what connects the pituitary gland to the brain?

A

via pituitary stalk

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6
Q

does the sphenoid sinus look dark or light on MRI?

A

dark

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7
Q

where is the pituitary in relation to the optic chiasm?

A

inferior

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8
Q

what structure(s) is/are located lateral to the pituitary gland?

A

carotid arteries

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9
Q

where is the hypothalamus in relation to the pituitary gland?

A

superior

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10
Q

what is the thyroid gland deep to?

A

strap muscles

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11
Q

best imaging for thyroid?

A

CT

USS

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12
Q

what structure(s) is/are lateral to the thyroid

A

common carotid arteries

internal jugular veins

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13
Q

is the internal jugular vein or the common carotid artery located most medially?

A

common carotid

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14
Q

what colour will the trachea appear on CT and why?

A

black as it is gas filled

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15
Q

what colour will the thyroid appear on CT and why?

A

very white as it is full of iodine

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16
Q

what structure is particularly at risk in a total thyroidectomy?

A

parathyroid glands

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17
Q

what would you suspect in a lateral mass over the neck?

A

enlarged lymph nodes

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18
Q

what would you suspect in a midline mass in the neck?

A

enlarged thyroid

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19
Q

diffuse causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

graves

thyroiditis

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20
Q

focal causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

dominant nodule

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21
Q

when would thyroid USS be used in euthyroid patients?

A

goite

palpable nodule

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22
Q

when would thyroid USS be used in hyperthyroidism?

A

focal masses

radioisotope uptake

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23
Q

is thyroid uptake percentage greater in graves or euthyroid

A

graves

24
Q

what condition presents with homogenously reduced tracer uptake in thyroid uptake scan?

A

thyroiditis

25
Q

what condition presents with foscal uptake in the right upper pole?

A

multi nodular goitre with a dominant nodule

26
Q

best imaging for adrenals?

A

CT

MRI

27
Q

what do the adrenals look like on MRI?

A

upside down Y shapes

28
Q

name the 2 limbs of an adrenal gland?

A

medial

lateral

29
Q

what relationship does the right adrenal gland have with the IVC?

A

lies posterior to it

30
Q

where is the left adrenal gland in relation to the aorta?

A

lateral

31
Q

when would you do an MABG test?

A

if you suspect phaeochromocytoma but catecholamines arent raised

32
Q

where is the epiphysis on an image?

A

above the growth plate

33
Q

what part of the bone is changing?

A

metaphysis

34
Q

what do trabeculae look like on imaging?

A

white, squiggly lines

35
Q

how are trabeculae formed?

A

osteoblasts replace cartilage with osteoid

36
Q

what part of the bone are trabeculae in?

A

medulla but condense towards the cortex

37
Q

where do cartilaginous bones first ossify?

A

diaphysis

38
Q

where do cartilage bones ossify after their first ossification?

A

epiphysis

39
Q

how is bone girth increased?

A

cell proliferation from the periosteum

40
Q

how is bone length increased?

A

cartilage proliferation at the growth plates

41
Q

where is the metaphysis?

A

under the growth plate

42
Q

name a diffuse bone abnormality

A 
brittle bone disease
osteoporosis
rickets
osteomalacia
pagets
43
Q

density of which area of bone is affected in osteoporosis?

A

trabeculae

44
Q

what pathology is common to rickets and osteomalacia?

A

non ossification of soft osteoid

45
Q

what dos rickets look like on x ray?

A

widened growth plates

irregular, flared metaphyses

46
Q

what kind of fractures can myelomas cause?

A

multiple wedge compression fractures

47
Q

what happens in pagets?

A

increased bone turnover

48
Q

what does the sclerotic phase of pagets cause?

A

enlarged bone
increased density
coarse trabecular pattern

49
Q

difference between lytic and sclerotic phases of bone conditions?

A 
lytic = bone destruction
sclerotic = bone formation
50
Q

how is bone destructed in the lucent phase of bone conditions?

A

loss of trabeculae and inner cortex

medullary lucency

51
Q

how is bone formed in the sclerotic phase of bone conditions?

A

loss of trabeulae

spreading density to featureless white bone

52
Q

what does lucent mean?

A

benign

well defined

53
Q

sclerotic pelvis + ureteric stent on imaging = ?

A

prostate cancer

54
Q

what kind of imaging is good for osteotic bone mets?

A

bone scentigraphy

55
Q

activity of what cells is measured in a bone scan?

A

osteoblasts

2 Endocrine (35 decks)

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