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2 Endocrine > Pharm: Hormones, Receptors and Signalling > Flashcards

Pharm: Hormones, Receptors and Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

does the endocrine system tend to have ducted or ductless glands?

A

ductless

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2
Q

how do endocrine glands communicate with other organs?

A

via hormones

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3
Q

how is hormone signalling made specific?

A

chemically distinct hormone
specific receptor for each hormone
distinct distrubution of receptors

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4
Q

is there a specific hormone for each receptor or multiple?

A

one hormone per receptor

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5
Q

what are the categories of hormone found in the body?

A

modified amino acids
steroids
peptides
proteins

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6
Q

is adrenaline a steroid?

A

no, its a modified amino acid

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7
Q

what kind of hormone are thyroid hormones?

A

modified amino acids

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8
Q

what kind of hormone is ADH?

A

peptide

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9
Q

what kind of hormone is insulin?

A

protein

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10
Q

what kind of hormone are sex hormones?

A

steroid

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of gland?

A

autocrine
paracrine
endocrine

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12
Q

which gland can signal the furthest?

A

endocrine

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13
Q

how far can hormones travel from a paracrine gland and via what?

A

to nearby cells via extracellular fluid

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14
Q

how far can hormones travel from an endocrine gland and why?

A

travels in the blood so can go to virtually any cell

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15
Q

how far can hormones travel from an autocrine gland?

A

can only respond to itself

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16
Q

what happens once a hormone binds to its receptor?

A

initiates signal transduction

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17
Q

what stops the signal transduction of a hormone?

A

enzyme mediated inactivation in liver or site of action

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18
Q

what is the main job of signal transduction of a hormone?

A

amplifies the original signal

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19
Q

name the 2 main types of actions made by hormones

A

complementary

antagonistic

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20
Q

how does complementary hormonal action work?

A

lots of different hormones regulate complex physiological functions on both short and long time scales

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21
Q

would the role of insulin, GH, IGF-1 and sex steroids in growth be a complementary or antagonistic action?

A

complementary

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22
Q

how does an antagonistic hormonal action work?

A

via balance of opposing influences eg insulin and glucagon

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23
Q

where are amines stored?

24
Q

how are amines released?

A

by calcium dependent exocytosis

25
Q

are amines hydrophilic or hydrophobic? what does this mean for its transport?

A

hydrophilic so travel quite freely in plasma

26
Q

name the categories of hormone that are presynthesised rather than made on demand?

A

amines
peptides
proteins

27
Q

how are peptides and proteins released?

A

calcium dependent exocytosis

28
Q

are peptides and proteins hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

29
Q

are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

30
Q

how are steroids transported in the blood?

A

bound to plasma proteins

31
Q

what kind of hormone is cholesterol?

32
Q

what effect do stimuli have on steroids?

A

increased cellular uptake and availability of cholesterol

33
Q

what does cholesterol get converted to when stimulated?

A

pregnenolone

34
Q

what hormones other than steroids are insoluble in plasma?

A

thyroid hormones

35
Q

how do carrier proteins increase their half lives?

A

when circulating in a carrier protein

36
Q

if a substance has “binding-globulin” after it, what is it?

A

a carrier protein

37
Q

what substances are binded by the carrier protein sex steroid binding globulin?

A

testosterone

oestradiol

38
Q

what substances does the albumin carrier protein transport?

A

steroids

thyroxine

39
Q

what substances do not require a carrier protein?

A

hydrophilic substances that are soluble in plasma

40
Q

main role of carrier proteins?

A

maintain constant concentrations of free lipophilic hormone in the blood

41
Q

does a hormone have to be free to cross the capillary wall when heading to a cell to bind to its receptor?

42
Q

how are surges in hormone secretion combatted?

A

by binding the hormone to a carrier protein

43
Q

what can happen when there is not enough free hormone in the plasma?

A

bound hormone dissociates from carrier protein

44
Q

what is the primary determinant of plasma concentration?

A

rate of secretion

45
Q

what mechanism maintains plasma concentration at a set level?

A

negative feedback

46
Q

most important 2 routes of elimination?

A

metabolism by liver

excretion by kidney

47
Q

how do you work out plasma concentration of hormone?

A

rate of secreton - rate of elimination

48
Q

which hormone has the shortest half life?

49
Q

which hormone has the longest half life?

A

steroids

thyroid hormones

50
Q

name the 3 main types of hormone receptor?

A

GPCR
receptor kinase
nuclear receptor

51
Q

what hormones activate GPCRs?

A

amines

proteins/peptides

52
Q

what hormones activate receptor kinases?

A

proteins/peptides

53
Q

what receptors are on the cell surface?

A

GPCR

receptor kinase

54
Q

what does an intracellular receptor mean?

A

its ligand is lipophilic so it allows diffusion across the membrane

55
Q

what effect does insulin have on receptor kinases?

A

autophosphorylates intracellular tyrosine and recruits other proteins = cellular effects

56
Q

what do transactivation and transrepression mean?

A 
TA = switched on
TD= switched off

2 Endocrine (35 decks)

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