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2 Endocrine > Thyroid Module > Flashcards

Thyroid Module Flashcards

1
Q

name the 2 types of cells in the thyroid?

A

parafollicular (C) cells

follicular cells

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2
Q

what kind of tissue do parafollicular cells exist in?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

where are parafollicular cells in relation to follicular?

A

adjacent to them

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4
Q

what substance do follicular cells make?

A

thyroglobulin

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5
Q

what substance do parafollicular cells make?

A

calcitonin

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6
Q

T or F:

the majority of all secreted hormones is triiodothyronine?

A

false

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7
Q

what organ(s) convert T4 to T3?

A

liver

kidneys

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8
Q 
thyroid hormones have a role in:
increasing protein synthesis
increasing glucose plasma levels
increasing insulin plasma levels
increasing fatty acid plasma levels
thermogenesis
bone turnover
immunity
gut motility

T or F?

A 
T
T
F
T
T
F
T
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9
Q

what action does GH have on the liver and what is the result of this?

A

increased gluconeogenesis =

increased plasma glucose

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10
Q

what action does GH have on fat tissue and what is the result of this?

A

increased lipolysis =

increased plasma fatty acids

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11
Q

what action does GH have on muscle and what is the effect of this?

A

protein synthesis=

decreased plasma amino acids

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12
Q

T or F:

thyroid hormones decrease protein synthesis

A

false

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13
Q

T or F:

thyroid hormones increase glucose and fatty acids

A

true

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14
Q

T or F:

thyroid hormones decrease fat storage

A

true

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15
Q

why do thyroid hormones increase cardiac activity and CO?

A

they increase responsiveness to neurotransmitters eg adrenaline and NA

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16
Q

what is hyperkinesis?

A

excessive body movement

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17
Q

what is oligomenorrhoea?

A

irregular periods

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18
Q

who is most commonly affected by graves disease?

A

middle aged women

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19
Q

what is the autoantibody involved in graves?

A

thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI)

20
Q

what happens in graves?

A

TSI makes the thyroid gland keep releasing thyroid hormone and it cant be suppressed as it is stopping TSH from being released

21
Q

normal T3 values?

A

9.9-22

22
Q

normal fT4 values?

A

0.9-2.6

23
Q

what is exopthalamus?

A

water build up and retro orbital swelling of the eye

24
Q

why are the eyes particularly affected in graves?

A

there are lots of receptors in the tissue and muscle surrounding the eyeball stimulated by TSI

25
Q

how often after diagnosis of graves is exopthalamus usually discovered?

A

1-2yrs

26
Q

when can exopthalamus lead to loss of function?

A

if collagen fibres deposit in the eye

27
Q

symptoms of exopthalamus?

A 
difficulty moving eye
gritty eyes
blurred vision
decreased colour vision
redness of the eyes
28
Q

how long after diagnosis of graves can you get pretibial myxoedema?

A

1-2yrs

29
Q

what co-morbidity do patients usually have before they present with pretibial myxoedema?

A

graves eye disease

30
Q

what is the pathology of pretibial myxoedema?

A

plaque formation?

31
Q

is pretibial myxoedema often unilateral or bilateral?

A

bilateral

32
Q

is pretibial myxoedema pitting?

A

no

33
Q

what could be causing chest pain in patients with thyroid problems?

A

development of angina

34
Q

2nd most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

toxic multinodular goitre

35
Q

is hyperthyroidism more common in iodine rich or deficient areas/

A

deficient

36
Q

what type of hyperthyroidism is hardest to treat?

A

when its caused by cancer

37
Q

what are the additional symptoms found in de quervains thyroiditis?

A

fever
malaise
local tenderness

38
Q

why can low iodine cause hypothyroidism?

A

thyroid cant synthesise MIT or DIT so it cant release thyroid hormones

39
Q

why do you get a goitre in iodine deficient hypothyroidism?

A

TSH stimulation

thyroid enlargement

40
Q

what substance is attacked by antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis?

A

TPO aka thyroid peroxidase

41
Q

what condition would increased TSH and normal T4 indicate?

A

treated hypothyroidism

42
Q

what condition would decreased TSH, T4 and T3 indicate?

A

pituitary disease

43
Q

what condition would decreased TSH with normal T4 and T3 indicate?

A

subclinical hyperthyroidism

44
Q

how are carbimazole and PTU given?

A

high dose initially and then gradiually reduced over 12-18 months

45
Q

main side effect of carbimazole?

A

agranulocytosis

46
Q

symptoms of agranulocytosis?

A

dry cough

sore throat

2 Endocrine (35 decks)

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