treatment of psych disorders Flashcards
First belief of mental disorders
treatment
Humans were obsessed by spirits and demons and the there something wrong with the brain or it was disconnected from the body.
Trephining - Making holes in the human skull to allow evil spirits to escape
Second (biological) belief for disorders
Imbalances in the 4 humors of the body.
Blood
yellow bile
black bile
phlegm
given by hippocrates
Middle age belief of disorders
They went back to demonology and hunted them down
‘witch hunt’
Renaissance belief
First time they considered interpersonal changes as causes of disorders.
Enlightenment age
2 important reformers
Philippe Pinel
Dorotha Dix
Started being more scientific and logical.
What happened in the 1950s
Deinstitutionalization - people with disorders shouldn’t be in asylums, instead they should be with their families and community, who should all support them.
What is the current stage of belief of disorders
What is the name
Bio-psycho-social stage
Considers all factors of a mental disorders
What are the prevention efforts in the US
Primary - reduce any incidence of societal problems such as joblessness, homelessness, etc which could give rise to mental disorders
Secondary - Help specific ‘at-risk’ people for eg people who live in a region that has exp’d a natural disaster
Tertiary - prevent disorders from getting worse
What is symptom substitution
What school of thought
Psychoanalytical
After a psychological disorder is resolved, patients will experience another one via a diff symptom.
Psychoanalytical
Overarching treatment name
Overarching Treatment objective
types of therapy under the main treatment
why those are used
Insight therapy - want to delve into the unconscious mind and the latent content of the mind.
Types:
Free association - speak whatever comes to mind uncensored. Used to make ego drop its guard and then therapist can see the id.
Dream analysis - Patient’s dreams and interpreted by therapists since dreams are a roadmap to the unconscious.
What is resistance (psychoanalysis)
some ways resistance can manifest itself
Objections of the client towards the therapist’s interpretations. Usually more resistance = therapist is getting closer to the root problem.
Changing the topic
Cancelling sessions
coming late to sessions.
What is confrontation
What is clarification
Confrontation - Working through the resistance
Clarification - make sure the therapist and client are on the same page.
What is transference
is it good/bad and why
Displacing the strong feelings of someone else onto the therapist
Usually good since it gives an insight into the unconscious feelings.
What is counter-transference
good/bad and why
Therapist project their feelings onto the clients.
Its bad since it can cloud judgement and could cause bias in interpretations.
What is the termination phase of insight therapy
Sessions that help client dethatch from therapy and the therapist.
What is the cause of disorders in psychanalytical
Intrapsychic conflicts
Nature of client and therapist in psychoanalytical
Therapist understand the client better than the client themselves.
They interpret client’s thoughts and feelings.
Chief benefit for the client (psychanalytical)
Emotional insight.
Duration of psychoanalytical treatment
Several years, at least 10 to 15 sessions.
How did cause come into existence for psychoanalytical
Unfulfilled desires of childhood and unresolved childhood fears.
Cause that led to the problem in HUMANISTIC
therapy used
Questions about meaning of one’s life and existence \
Client centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
Logotherapy
How did cause come into existence for HUMANISTIC
Existential therapy places importance on present. It is the current feelings of loneliness, alienation, sense of futility of one’s existence cause psychological problems.
Explain the therapies in Humansitc
Logo - Therapist emphasizes the unique nature of patient’s life and encourage them to find meaning in their life.
Client centered - helps the client understand ‘self’ better and reduce discrepancy between real and ideal self by reflection of their feelings non-judgmentally.
Increase self -awareness and acceptance.
Gestalt therapy - Get in touch with whole self and understanding all thoughts, feelings, etc. Encourage the client to act out their fantasies
Nature of the therapeutic relationship between the client and therapist (humanistic)
Therapy play a passive role and only provide a warm, empathetic relationship with unconditional positive regard.
How to provide unconditional positive regard
Active listening - Use clarification and make the client feel like they are understood. \
Paraphrasing - Keep paraphrasing what client says to make sure that they are on the same page and make them feel like they are being understood.
Mirroring - Mirror back feelings of client which allows them to understand and label their own feelings.
Who gave the diff humanistic therapies
client centered
Gestalt
Existential/logo therapy
Client centered - Carl rogers
Gestalt -Laura and Fritz Perls
Existential - Victor Frankl
Chief benefit to the client - humanistic
Personal growth- gaining increasing understanding of oneself and one’s aspirations, emotions and motives
What is the cause to disorders (Behavioral)
Faulty learning of the behaviours
How did the cause come into existance
Faulty conditioning patterns/faulty learning
Chief methods of treatment (Behavioral)
Reinforcements - Positive or negative to increase the occurrence of a behavior
Token economy - give a token every time desirable behavior occurs and later exchange tokens with a reward
Systemic desensitization
Counter conditioning
Modeling - imitating an ideal behaviour of an model
What is counter conditioning
who gave it
Mary Cover Jones
Unpleasant conditioned response is replaced by a pleasant one.
Pair something unpleasant with something that’s pleasant.
What is systematic desensitization
Who gave it
what is it primarily used for
What are the 2 types, meanings and what is more effective
Toseph Wolpes
Treatment of phobias
goal and steps:
teach client relaxation
Draw up an anxiety hierarchy - chart with events from least anxiety provoking to most anxiety provoking. Keep working up the anxiety provoking levels and teaching the client relaxation.
2 types:
in-vivo - in reality - More effective and causes more anxiety.
Covert - imagination or stimulation
What is flooding
similar to systematic desensitization except you expose the client to the most anxiety provoking situation instantly hoping to show them that their fear is irrational.
Chief benefit to the client (behavioral)
Learning adaptive behaviors
Duration of the treatment (behavioral)
Short duration- Few months
Cause that led to the problem (cognitive)
Faulty- irrational thoughts/cognitions
How did the cause come into existence
Faulty thinking and beliefs
Chief method of treatment (cognitive)
Cognitive Therapy
Rational Emotive therapy
What is the cognitive therapy (chief method of treatment for cognitive)
who gave it
what is a core schema
Aaron Beed
core schemas formed from negative childhood experiences- lead to negative automatic thoughts characterized by distorted cognitions/thoughts
Core schema - Fixed ideas/beliefs about a certain thing/self
What is the goal of cognitive therapy
Cognitive restructuring - challenging dysfunctional negative thoughts.
What is RET (Cognitive)
who gave it
what is ABC analysis
explain each component
Rational Emotive Therapy
Albert Elis
antecedent + Beliefs + consequences.
Antecedent = what happened before problem is sorted which triggers everything.
Belief = What are the beliefs and distorted thoughts after the event. Usually irrational or faulty.
Consequence = Other actions such anxiety depression, etc.
What is non directive questioning
Make patients rethink/reconsider beliefs by asking questions that challenge faulty thoughts.
What is REBT
who gave it
RET + Behavior
Albert ellis
Talking + HW and tasks assigned by therapist
What is a self help group
Groups where there is no therapist present but individuals help each other.
What is somatic therapy
Psychosurgery - remove the part of the brain where there is a problem
What is prefrontal lobotomy
Remove the prefrontal love which leaves people in a vegetative state.
Nature of the therapeutic relationship between the client and therapist - cognitive
Therapist is able to discern the faulty thinking and replace with healthy thinking which would be adaptive for the client.
Chief benefit to the client - cognitive
Adopting healthy thinking patterns
What are psychotropics
3 types
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Anxiolytics
What are antipsychotics 3 common ones what do they do how do they do it side effects
Clozapine, Thorazine, Haldol
Reduce symptom’s of schizophrenia
Blocks the neutral receptors for dopamine
What are the 3 types of antidepressans
MAO
Tricylics
SSRIs
What is an SSRI
What is reuptake
goal of ssri
Selective serotonin reuptake Inhibitors
Reduce the amount of serotonin destroyed in the brain
Reuptake - when presynaptic neuron take the neurotransmitter back or destroys it.
What is a Mao inhibitor full form What does it do what does it block How often is it used
Monoamine oxidase
Increase amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain
Block the monoamine oxidase which is responsible for the break own of neurotransmitters
Rarely used since its toxic and requires a lot of dietary changes.
What are tricyclics
Nopramn, Amitriptyline, imipramine
Increase serotonin and norepinephrine.
What are anxiolytics
Relax the body and slow down the central nervous system to reduce anxiety
What is Electro Convulsive Therapy
when is it used
side effects
for what is it used to treat
Stimulate neurons in the brain to get them going by passing electric shocks.
Rarely used for severe cases
Can cause seizures and temp amnesia
Treats severe depression, suicidal tendencies.
What is the new therapy that is similar to ECT
RTMS - Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Pass magnetic waves which is safer
What is lithium carbonate
Treats bipolar disorder
helps balancing mood
What is electic therapy
Use the best and most ideal method of therapy from any school of thought
Who are psychiatrists
Medical doctors that can prescribe medicine
Who are clinical psychologists
Can’t prescribe medicine but can diagnose the patient.
