developmental psych

Question 1

what is the attachment theory and who was it given by

Answer 1

given by Konrad Lorenz. some infant animals become attached on individuals or even objects they see during a critical period after birth.

Question 2

what were Mary Ainsworth’s strange situations

Answer 2

she placed human infants into novel situations and discovered these findings.
Secure attachments: infants confidently explore the novel environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to the parents when they return.
Avoidant attachments: infants may resist being held by the parents and will explore the novel environment. They do not go to the parents for comfort when they return after an absence.
Anxious/Ambivalent attachments: have ambivalent reactions to the parents. They may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return.

Question 3

what is the authoritarian parenting style

Answer 3

Authoritarian parenting:
Parents set strict standards for their children’s behavior, apply punishments for violations of these rules.
Obedient attitudes are valued, Punishment for undesired behavior is more often used than reinforcement for desired behavior.

Question 4

what is the permissive parenting style

Answer 4

Permissive parents do not set clear guidelines for their children.
The rules that do exist in the family are constantly changed or are not enforced consistently.

Question 5

what is the authoritative parenting style

Answer 5

Authoritative parents have set, consistent standards for their children’s behavior, but the standards are reasonable and explained.
The rational for family rules are discussed with children.
Authoritative parents encourage their children’s independence but not past the point of violating rules.
They praise as often as they punish.

Question 6

what is the oral stage

Answer 6

In this stage, infants seek pleasure through their mouths.

People fixated in this stage might overeat, smoke, and in general have a childlike dependence on things and people.

Question 7

what is the anal stage

Answer 7

this stage develops during toilet training.

People fixated in this stage can be overly controlling (retentive) or out of control (expulsive).

Question 8

what is the phallic stage

Answer 8

during this stage babies realise their gender.
Freud described the process boys go through in this stage as the Oedipus complex: a time when a boy resents his father’s relationship with his mother.
The process for girls is called the Electra complex: a time when a girl resents her mother’s relationship with her father

Question 9

what is the latency stage

Answer 9

latency stage, or period of calm, between the ages of six and puberty of low psychosexual anxiety

Question 10

what is the genital stage

Answer 10

from puberty to the end of the life

The focus of sexual pleasure is the genitals, and fixation in this stage is what Freud considers normal.

Question 11

what is the psychosocial stage theory and who was it given by

Answer 11

given by Erik Erikson. the thought that our personality was influenced by our interactions with others and has 8 stages.

Question 12

trust vs mistrust phase

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 12

trust vs mistrust = hope
from ages 0-1.5
If babies are given constant care and love they will develop a sense of trust which will be carried onto other relationships of theirs. If love and care are irregular and inconsistent they will have anxiety and mistrust. Also forms fear

Question 13

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 13

autonomy vs shame = will
age 1-3
when children try to learn things themselves and take control of their actions. Parents tend to be controlling during this period which isn’t good.
failure in this stage leads to lack of self esteem (shame and doubt)

Question 14

initiative vs guilt

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 14

initiative vs guilt = purpose
age 3-5
children become very curious. They start to explore their own world during this stage parents can approve of the curiosity as well as turn it down.
Failure in this stage leads to guilt and lack of creative

Question 15

industry vs inferiority

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 15

industry vs inferiority = competency
age 5-12
children learn to read and write, they start their formal education and develop friends. they gain competency as they are surrounded by teachers and friends
Failure in this stage causes an inferiority complex

Question 16

identity vs role confusion

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 16

identity vs role confusion = fidelity (faithfulness)
teenage years
teenagers try to figure themselves out and find their beliefs and opinions (social identity)
if kids find their social identity early on in their teenage years it leads to fidelity if not they will end up having an identity crisis

Question 17

intimacy vs isolation

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 17

intimacy vs isolation = love
18-40 years
people begin to start intimate relations with each other and they start exploring long term commitments and relationships.
success in this stage leads to love and a happy relationship, failure in this stage can lead to isolation, loneliness and depression

Question 18

generativity vs stagnation

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 18

generativity vs stagnation = care
40-65 years
in this people raise children, become productive at work and become involved in community activities.
success in this stage leads to usefulness and accomplishment. failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Question 19

ego integrity vs despair

Virtue
Age
Positive case scenario
Negative case scenario

Answer 19

ego integrity vs despair = wisdom
65+
if we view our lives positively in this stage then it leads to wisdom
if we view our lives negatively in this stage it leads to depression

Question 20

what is the zone of proximal development and who gave it

How can one reach this zone

Full form of MKO

Answer 20

given by Lev Vygotsky and is the maximum potential for development. One can reach this zone by taking advice from people more knowledgable and wiser than them.

These more knowledgable people

Question 21

what is scaffolding

Answer 21

a process used by more knowledgeable others to help children reach their zone of proximal development. the process is done by giving constant support and advice

Question 22

what is a schema

Answer 22

an already existing mental thought

Question 23

what is assimilation

Answer 23

incorporation of ner information into existing schema

Question 24

what is accomodation

Answer 24

intake of new information and adjusting/changing of schema to include new info

Question 25

what is the sensorimotor stage

what is object permeance

Answer 25

0-2 years
behavior is governed by the reflexes we are born with. Soon, we start to develop our first cognitive schemata that explain the world we experience through our senses.
object permanence means knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to form a mental representation occurs in children below 8 months

Question 26

what is the pre operational stage
age
egocentricism
animistic thinking

Answer 26

2-7 years
egocentrism- the belief that everyone has the same beliefs in things as you do
animistic thinking- belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities
perception bound thought- having a thought on something due to its physical appearance

Question 27

what is centration

Answer 27

children usually focus and look at one fact in a situation and neglect the rest

Question 28

what is irreversibility

Answer 28

children are unable to think backwards in a series of events which have just occured

Question 29

what is state transformation

Answer 29

children still focus on the appearance of an object over the fact that it might have changed

Question 30

what is the concrete operational stage
which age
concepts of conservation
decentration
reversibility
hierarchical classification

Answer 30

8-12 years old
concepts of conservation: children are able to conserve information about things even after transformation
decentration: children can coordinate several important factors of a task rather than centering on only one
reversibility: children can think through the steps in a problem and go backward returning to a starting point
hierarchical classification:
children can flexibly group and regroup objects into classes of heirarchy

Question 31

what is the formal operational stage
age
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
propositional thought
imaginary audience

Answer 31

12+
hypothetico-deductive reasoning: these children when faced with a problem can think of all possible factors that could affect the outcome
propositional thought: formal operational children can evaluate the logic of statements by reflecting on the statement themselves
imaginary audience (spotlight): causes these children to be very self conscious

Question 32

criticism of Piaget information processing model

Answer 32

cognitive skills develop more continuously and not in discrete stages
some children may go through the stages faster

Question 33

what are the 5 stages of grief

Answer 33

denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance

Question 34

piagets stages of cognitive development

Answer 34

Sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 35

Arnett’s emerging adulthood

Answer 35

individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 postpone adult responsibilities. During this in-between and unstable period of emerging adulthood, young people are focused on establishing their identities and feel that the world is open to all possibilities.