social psych Flashcards
what is the mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something the more they tend to like it
what are the two routes persuasive messages can be sent
central and peripheral route
what is the central route to persuasion
the central route to persuasion involves deeply processing the contents of the message
what is the peripheral route to persuasion
peripheral route to persuasion involves understanding a message at its surface level (physical features etc)
what is the cognitive dissonance theory and who was it given by
Given by Festinger. The idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviours. When they don’t it creates mental tension or dissonance
what is the foot-in-the-door compliance strategy
if you get someone to agree with something small then they would be more likely to agree with you for something larger
what is the door-in-the-foot compliance strategy
If you request something big and they deny, they will be more likely to accept a smaller request
what are the norms of reciprocity
if you do something nice for someone they are indebted to do something nice back to you
what is the lowballing compliance strategy
offering something and at the end change its terms and conditions
what is ingratiation
when you present yourself in a kind and respectful manner to convince someone to give you something
what is the attribution theory
how people determine the cause of what they observe
what are person attributes
person’s behavior is due to their own internal factors. eg mark does very well on a math test because he is good at math
what are situation attributes
person’s behaviour is due to their surrounding and external factors. eg mark did well on this math test because the teacher marked kindly
what are person stable attributes
if someone has always had these internal factors which cause their behavior. eg Mark did well on the math exam because he has always been very good at math
what are person unstable attributes
this person had something that was a one-off thing internally which caused the behavior. eg Mark did well on this math exam only because he studied hard for this one.
what are situational unstable attributes
the person’s surroundings had something different only this once which led to their behavior. eg mark did very well on this math exam because for this once the teacher marked very kindly
what 3 factors explain the kind of attributions people make
consistency: how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
distinctiveness: how similar the situation was to others the individual has been in
consensus: how others responded in the same situation
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy
how someones expectations of you can influence your behaviour
what is the fundamental attribution error
people don’t consider dispositional factors when making a judgement
in which culture is the fundamental attribution error mostly found
individualistic cultures (cultures that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole)
what is the false consensus effect
the tendency for people to overestimate the number of people that agree with themselves
what is the self serving bias
tendency to take more credit for good outcomes but blame others for bad outcomes
what is the just-world bias
the belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
what is a stereotype
ideas about a group of people that influence our interactions with these people. eg Californians are lazy
what is a prejudice
undeserved usually negative attitude toward a group of people. stereotyping can result in a prejudice being formed. eg I don’t like Californians because they are lazy
what is discrimination
Discrimination is an action built upon prejudice. eg i don’t like Californians therefore I will not employ a Californian.
how do stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination affect eachother
they reinforce one another
what is in-group bias
is the belief that oneself is good and therefore the group they are a part of are a group of good people
how to combat prejudice
contact theory, a theory that if we place two groups that have a prejudice toward each other and place them to do a task (superordinate goal) that involves working together.
what is instrumental aggression
when one is aggressive towards someone to get something from them
what is hostile aggression
when one is aggressive towards someone for no particular reason
what is prosocial behavior
behavior that exudes kindness and helping others
what is the bystander effect
the larger the number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one is to interfere
what is an explanation for the bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility
what is pluralistic ignorance
people tend to decide what constitutes appropriate behavior in a situation by looking to others
what are the 3 factors that affect attraction
proximity (how exposed we are to a person)
similarity (how similar we are to a person)
reciprocal liking (if they like us back or not)
what is social facilitation
the phenomenon that the presence of others improves task performance. But if the task is hard then it could be an impairment
what is normative conformity and who was it given by
normative conformity was given by Asch and it states that people do what the mass is doing to be accepted/liked
what is informative conformity and who was it given by
informative conformity was given by Sherrif and it states that sometimes people do what the mass is doing because they don’t know the correct answer/what to do rather than to be liked
what is social loafing
Phenomenon that individuals don’t put in as much effort when they are in a group. one possible reason could be diffusion of responsibility
what is group polarization
people make more extreme decisions in a group than they would when they are alone
what is groupthink
groups tend to make bad decisions in a cohesive group
what is deindividuation
the loss of self restraint and self control in a cohesive group
what does cohesive mean in a group
unity of a group
