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abnormal psych Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4Ds to define abnormality

A

Distress
Dangerous
Deviant
Dsyfunction

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2
Q

Explain the 4 Ds to def abnormality

A

Distress - Themselves and others
Dangerous - to themselves and others
Dysfunction - maladaptive (can’t adapt well to everyday life
Deviant - Very subjective - Differ from the average/mean point of view or differ from cultural norms

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3
Q

When can something be considered abnormal

what can be left out

A

Needs to meet all 4 Ds to be considered abnormal

Dangerous - can be left out

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4
Q

Definition for manuals for disorders

A

Manuals that list all disorders, symptoms, how to diagnose, etc

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5
Q

What are the 2 manuals for disorders and full forms?

A

DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)

ICD (International classification of disorders)

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6
Q

Which organizations gave which manual

A

DSM - APA (American Psychiatric Association)

ICD - WHO (World Health Organisation)

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7
Q

What does the PSYCHOANALYTIC school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

Early childhood traumatic experiences that are stored and cause conflicts in the unconcious

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8
Q

What does the BEHAVOIRIST school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

The learning of “flawed” behaviors as a result of the person’s history and reinforcement.

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9
Q

What does the COGNITIVE school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

Faulty thoughts

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10
Q

What does the HUMANISTIC school of thought state the cause of disorders

examples

A

Problems with own self

Eg: problems with feelings, self esteem, self concept, etc.

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11
Q

What does the SOCIOCULTURAL school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

External factors and circumstances such as the environment around you

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12
Q

What does the BIOMEDICAL school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

The biological factors such as genetics, hormones, etc.

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of symptoms of Anxiety and a few examples for each

A

Physical - sweating, heart palpitation, ringing in ears, shivering

Psychological - Flurry of thoughts, cloudly thoughts, a lot of ‘what if’ thoughts

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of anxiety and full forms if any

A

GAD - Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic attacks
Phobia
Social anxiety (aka social phobia)

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15
Q

Characteristics of GAD

A

A continuous form of mild anxiety (body cant be in true anxious state 24x7)

Constant state of worry - ‘what if’ questions are never ending

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16
Q

What is a panic attack

what causes most panic attacks

A

Similar to GAD except

Is a short episode of extreme anxiety
Symptoms are taken to a severe extent

Most panic attacks are caused out of anticipation of a panic attack.

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17
Q

What is a phobia and how are they derived

A

An irrational fear

Derived through anxiety

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18
Q

What is social anxiety and what drives it

A

Anxiety when you have to interact with strangers.

Driven by the thought that you will be judged by others/embarrass yourself.

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19
Q

What is the best solution to Social Anxiety

A

Cognitive school of thought. Resolve the flawed thought

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20
Q

General symptoms of depression

A

EMI - Energy Mood Interest - all go down

Sleep less
socially withdrawn 
Appetite goes down
Worthlessness
Hopelessness
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21
Q

Types of depression disorders and full forms if any

A

MDD (Major depressive disorder)
SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Dysthymia

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22
Q

What is MDD and char

A

A severe form of depression

Length of the episode - depressed for atl 2 weeks w/o reason
Other symptoms are the general ones

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23
Q

what is SAD (depression) and the usual time frame and cause

A

Depressed during certain times of the year

Usually during winter because of lack on sunlight

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24
Q

Treatment for SAD

A

Light therapy - during winter, the light is less. This therapy combats that.

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25
Aaron Beck - Causes of Depression Name of theory What it is
Cognitive triad ``` Negative views about one self leads to Negative views about the world leads to Negative vies about the future. ```
26
Causes of depression - psychoanalytical
Unconscious repressed feelings from childhood experiences or trauma.
27
Causes of depression - biological (2 causes)
Either Genetic vulnerability of depression ' OR Low serotonin
28
What bipolar disorder
Constant cycling between mania and depression.
29
What is mania Some symptoms/char
Overly energetic, elated phase. Talk very fast Talk a lot Lose sleep
30
What are the 3 types of bipolar
Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II disorder - hypomania Cyclothymia
31
What is Bipolar I disorder
Type of bipolar where both mania and depression cycles are severe. Extreme symptoms of both
32
What is Hypomania
Type of bipolar where there is mild mania but severe depression
33
What is Cyclothymia
Type of bipolar where depression and mania are both mild.
34
What are the causes of bipolar
Largely Biological - chemical imbalances, genetics
35
Levels of neurotransmitters in people with bipolar
Low levels of serotonin Low levels of norepinephrine High levels of acetycholine
36
Treatment for bipolar
Lithium
37
What is schizophrenia
A disorder where people are caught up in delusions and hallucinations
38
What are the 3 types of symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive Negative Psychomotor
39
What are Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusions Disorganized thoughts Hallucinations
40
What is a halucination
A false perception in lack of external stimuli
41
What are the types of hallucinations
``` Auditory Tactile Somatic Visual gustatory Olfactory ```
42
What are auditory hallucinations | 2 types
Hear voices speaking to them Second person - refer to the patient directly third person - refer to patient as he/she
43
What is derailment/tangentiality
keep shifting from topic to topic | Can't have a convo about one topic
44
What are delusions
False beliefs that are firmly held on inadequate grounds.
45
Types of delusions
Persecution Grandeur Control
46
What are delusions of persecution
Believe someone is out to get them, harm them, slandering them, or plotting against them.
47
What are delusions of grandeur
Believe that they are specially empowered know famous people or they think they are famous eg: 'i am god'
48
What are delusions of control
Believe that feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others.
49
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Alogia Blunted effect Flat effect Avolition
50
What is Alogia (neg symptom of schizophrenia)
Aka poverty of speech Don't speak much Reply to things in 1 word (eg)
51
What is blunted effect (neg symptom of schizophrenia)
Show less emotions. | less anger, sadness, joy, etc.
52
What is the flat effect (neg symptom of schizophrenia)
Show no emotion at all | Straight face to everything
53
What is Avolition (neg symptom of schizophrenia)
Aka apathy Inability to start or complete a course of action. Become totally focused on own idea and fantasies, and therefore they have to withdraw socially and from society.
54
Examples of psychomotor symptoms
Move less spontaneously | Make odd gestures and grimaces
55
3 types of catatonia (schizophrenia)
Catatonic stupor - Remain motionless and silent for long periods of time Catatonic rigidity - Upright and rigid posture for items Catatonic Posturing - Awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time.
56
Cause of schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis - High levels of dopamine (neurotransmitter). Genetics Upbringing Diathesis-stress mode
57
Treatment for schizophrenia -
anti psychotic drugs that aim to reduce dopamine levels
58
Dangers with reducing dopamine levels
Parkinson's disease,
59
What is Parkinson's disease
A motor disorder
60
What disorder can the use of the anti psychotic drugs cause
Tardive dyskinesia - Anti Psychotics cause Parkinson's like symptoms.
61
How to treat Parkinson's Drug name Aim of drug Side effects
L dopa Increase dopamine levels Side effects: schizophrenic symptoms
62
What does low serotonin cause
Low serotonin - depression
63
Genetic cause for schizophrenia
Very common and supported cause 75/80% schizophrenic cases are caused by a genetic vulnerability
64
What is a double bind
Person is brought up in a contradictory environment. eg: Mom wants kid to do/be sometinhg, dad wants sumn else, grand parents want sumn else, etc.
65
What is the diathesis stress model
states that disorders are caused due to biological factors
66
What is a paraphyllia | another name for it
Aka psychosexual disorders Sexual attraction to objects, peopl. activities that aren't sexual
67
What is Pedophilia
Aroused by children
68
what is zoophilia
Aroused by animals
69
what is fetishism
Aroused by objects
70
who is a masochist
someone aroused by being in pain
71
who is a sadist
someone aroused by inflicting pain
72
Who is a voyeur
someone Aroused by watching sexual activity.
73
What is OCD - and the 2 parts
Obsessive Compulsive disorder Repeated pattern of Obsessions and Compulsions
74
What are the disorders in cluster A (personality disorder
Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal
75
What is paranoid personality (cluster A)
Patterns of distrust of others that may not be justified by real circumstances.
76
Schizoid personality disorder (cluster A)
Detachment from social relationships, and the person prefers solidary activities.
77
Schizotypal (cluster A)
Display odd behavior
78
What are the disorders in cluster B (personality disorder)
Anti social, histrionic, narcistic personality, borderline.
79
What is histrionic (cluster B) who is it common among
Want to be the center of attention, are very seductive and have a lot of friends. Common in women
80
What is narcistic personality (Cluster B)
Superiority complex
81
What is antisocial (cluster B)
Violate others and commit crimes without any sense of guilt Destructive, aggressive, impulsive.
82
What is borderline (cluster B)
Constant sense of void and insecurity in relationships. Low self esteem
83
Disorders in cluster C (personality disorder)
OCPD, r, Dependent
84
What is OCPD full form and characterisitcs
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder Perfectionist Devoted to work and productivity Very rigid Won't discard used items
85
What stage of fixation would Freud say someone with OCPD was at
Anal stage of fixation
86
What is avoidant personality (Cluster C)
Skip social activities and they are scared of rejection and embarrassment. They feel inferior and have a low self esteem.
87
What is dependent personality (Cluster C)
Inability to be autonomous and want other's to take decisions for them out of a fear of disagreement and loss of support.
88
what is ptsd full form and explanation
post traumatic stress disorder Flashbacks/nightmares of very traumatic events (eg: war or natural disaster) which cause anxiety.
89
2 Types of symptoms for PTSD
Emotional Numbness | Impaired concentration
90
What is OCD full form, explanation and 2 parts
Obsessive compulsive disorder - repeated pattern of obsessions and compulsions Obsessions Compulsions
91
What is an obsession (OCD)
The mind constantly thinks about the same thing, which causes anxiety
92
How does an obsession cause a reduction in productivity
The thought keeps running and that reduces productivity.
93
What is a compulsion
An action to curb the obsession and anxiety.
94
What are the 3 types of somatic disorders
Somatic symptoms Illness anxiety Conversoin
95
What are somatic symptoms (somatic disorders)
When a person experiences a physical symptom but there is no illness or biological reason to it.
96
When is somatic symptoms diagnosed
After patient goes to numerous doctors, can't find anything wrong but are still worried.
97
What is the illness anxiety disorder
There is no pain/physical symptoms but the patient constantly thinks they are ill.
98
What is conversion (somatic disorders)
The sudden feeling of loss/a change in motor, organ function or bodily function without any biological reason.
99
What is a phantom limb
Experience pain in a limb that doesn't exist.
100
Diff theories and causes of somatic symptoms - freud and behaviorist
Freud - Unresolved unconscious conflicts that manifest as physical symptoms. Behaviorist - reinforced behavior
101
What is a dissociative disorder
Severance of connections between ideas and emotion.
102
Types of dissociative disorders
Dissociative amnesia Dissociative identity Derealization
103
What is dissociative amnesia and which defense mechanism does it connect to
Extensive selective memory loss without any biological explanation. May even forget previous identity and assume a new one. Repression.
104
What is dissociative fugue
Memory loss + traveling elsewhere.
105
What is dissociative identity
Have more than 1 personalities that aren't aware of each other due to childhood trauma.
106
What is depersonalisation
Look at yourself from a distance, feel like you are not in your body and there is a change in self perception
107
What is derealisation
Feel like you're in a dream and the world is not real
108
Causes of dissociative disorders Freud Behaviorist Third one (non theory related)
Freud - some trauma that has been repressed Behaviorist - Some reward that has reinforced behavior. Eg: Reward of no stress during amnesia. Childhood trauma
109
3 levels of substance disorders
Use Abuse Dependence
110
What is use level of substance disorders
occasional use of substances (drugs, alc, etc)
111
What is the abuse level of substance disorders
Consuming the substance at more than healthy levels, but haven't reached an addiction level.
112
What is the dependence level of substance disorders.
Addicted
113
2 parts of addiction
Tolerance | Withdrawal
114
What is tolerance (addiction)
Keep increasing the amount of the substance to feel the same high. Body gets used to the initial level of substance
115
What is Withdrawal (addiction)
Psychological or physical symptoms when you are not using the substance/trying to stop.
116
What does a inhibitory substance do
Slows the body down
117
What does a stimulatory substance do
Puts body in a euphoric state, energized, etc.
118
What is the IQ Level for mental retardation
IQ < 70
119
Diff stages of mental retardation and IQ levesl
mild - 55 to 70 iq moderate - 35 to 55 Profound/sever - below 25
120
2 Components of ADHD Which components does a patient have to have
Attention deficiency Hyperactivity Doesnt have to have both components, can also just have 1
121
What are the char of the attention deficiency component of ADHD
``` Disorganized Easily distracted Forgetful Doesn't finish assignments Loses interest quickly Doesn't follow instructions. ```
122
What arc the char of hyperactive component of ADHD What can it transform into
Constant motion Hard to sit stilll Restless Can transform to impulsivity or aggression when they get older
123
What are the symptoms of the Autism Spectrum Disorder
Communication is a struggle for them Only interact with a few people Very particular about routines and organisation Very restricted range of interests.
124
What is high function autism
Mild autism where people can still function and live independently
125
What is Asperger's disease
Similar to autism except there is no language impairment
126
What is ODD (full form and char)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder Very stubborn, hostile, no self awareness, defy authority
127
What is conduct disorder What does it end up transforming in usually
Violate others, family expectations, societal norms without any guilt or empathy. Childhood version of Antisocial, usually transforms to antisocial
128
Symptoms of conduct disorder
Verbal aggression | Commit crimes such as major deceitfulness and theft or property damage
129
Trauma and stress related disorders
Reactive attachment disorder | Adjustment disorder
130
What is reactive attachment disorder
Problems of attachment with attachment figures as a child which lead to attachment problems as an adult,
131
What is adjustment disorder
Hard to adjust to new set ups and changes. Any of those can result in depression and anxiety.
132
What is PICA
An eating disorder - eat everything including inedible objects.
133
What is factitious disorder
Falsify symptoms for attention, medical help, sympathy, etc.
134
Causes for Factitious disorder
May have unconsciously learned that falsifying the symptoms would earn them rewards such as attention, pity, etc.
135
What is body dysmorphic disorder
Constant anxiousness about the way you look which could lead to anxiety and depression.
136
What is hoarding disorder
Keep collecting things for years, no matter what it is. Letting the obj go causes anxiety.

AP psychology (16 decks)

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