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abnormal psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4Ds to define abnormality

A

Distress
Dangerous
Deviant
Dsyfunction

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2
Q

Explain the 4 Ds to def abnormality

A

Distress - Themselves and others
Dangerous - to themselves and others
Dysfunction - maladaptive (can’t adapt well to everyday life
Deviant - Very subjective - Differ from the average/mean point of view or differ from cultural norms

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3
Q

When can something be considered abnormal

what can be left out

A

Needs to meet all 4 Ds to be considered abnormal

Dangerous - can be left out

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4
Q

Definition for manuals for disorders

A

Manuals that list all disorders, symptoms, how to diagnose, etc

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5
Q

What are the 2 manuals for disorders and full forms?

A

DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)

ICD (International classification of disorders)

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6
Q

Which organizations gave which manual

A

DSM - APA (American Psychiatric Association)

ICD - WHO (World Health Organisation)

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7
Q

What does the PSYCHOANALYTIC school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

Early childhood traumatic experiences that are stored and cause conflicts in the unconcious

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8
Q

What does the BEHAVOIRIST school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

The learning of “flawed” behaviors as a result of the person’s history and reinforcement.

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9
Q

What does the COGNITIVE school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

Faulty thoughts

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10
Q

What does the HUMANISTIC school of thought state the cause of disorders

examples

A

Problems with own self

Eg: problems with feelings, self esteem, self concept, etc.

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11
Q

What does the SOCIOCULTURAL school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

External factors and circumstances such as the environment around you

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12
Q

What does the BIOMEDICAL school of thought state the cause of disorders

A

The biological factors such as genetics, hormones, etc.

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of symptoms of Anxiety and a few examples for each

A

Physical - sweating, heart palpitation, ringing in ears, shivering

Psychological - Flurry of thoughts, cloudly thoughts, a lot of ‘what if’ thoughts

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of anxiety and full forms if any

A

GAD - Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic attacks
Phobia
Social anxiety (aka social phobia)

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15
Q

Characteristics of GAD

A

A continuous form of mild anxiety (body cant be in true anxious state 24x7)

Constant state of worry - ‘what if’ questions are never ending

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16
Q

What is a panic attack

what causes most panic attacks

A

Similar to GAD except

Is a short episode of extreme anxiety
Symptoms are taken to a severe extent

Most panic attacks are caused out of anticipation of a panic attack.

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17
Q

What is a phobia and how are they derived

A

An irrational fear

Derived through anxiety

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18
Q

What is social anxiety and what drives it

A

Anxiety when you have to interact with strangers.

Driven by the thought that you will be judged by others/embarrass yourself.

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19
Q

What is the best solution to Social Anxiety

A

Cognitive school of thought. Resolve the flawed thought

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20
Q

General symptoms of depression

A

EMI - Energy Mood Interest - all go down

Sleep less
socially withdrawn 
Appetite goes down
Worthlessness
Hopelessness
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21
Q

Types of depression disorders and full forms if any

A

MDD (Major depressive disorder)
SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Dysthymia

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22
Q

What is MDD and char

A

A severe form of depression

Length of the episode - depressed for atl 2 weeks w/o reason
Other symptoms are the general ones

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23
Q

what is SAD (depression) and the usual time frame and cause

A

Depressed during certain times of the year

Usually during winter because of lack on sunlight

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24
Q

Treatment for SAD

A

Light therapy - during winter, the light is less. This therapy combats that.

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25
Q

Aaron Beck - Causes of Depression
Name of theory
What it is

A

Cognitive triad

Negative views about one self
leads to 
Negative views about the world 
leads to
Negative vies about the future.
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26
Q

Causes of depression - psychoanalytical

A

Unconscious repressed feelings from childhood experiences or trauma.

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27
Q

Causes of depression - biological (2 causes)

A

Either
Genetic vulnerability of depression ‘

OR

Low serotonin

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28
Q

What bipolar disorder

A

Constant cycling between mania and depression.

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29
Q

What is mania

Some symptoms/char

A

Overly energetic, elated phase.

Talk very fast
Talk a lot
Lose sleep

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of bipolar

A

Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar II disorder - hypomania

Cyclothymia

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31
Q

What is Bipolar I disorder

A

Type of bipolar where both mania and depression cycles are severe.

Extreme symptoms of both

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32
Q

What is Hypomania

A

Type of bipolar where there is mild mania but severe depression

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33
Q

What is Cyclothymia

A

Type of bipolar where depression and mania are both mild.

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34
Q

What are the causes of bipolar

A

Largely Biological - chemical imbalances, genetics

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35
Q

Levels of neurotransmitters in people with bipolar

A

Low levels of serotonin
Low levels of norepinephrine
High levels of acetycholine

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36
Q

Treatment for bipolar

A

Lithium

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37
Q

What is schizophrenia

A

A disorder where people are caught up in delusions and hallucinations

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive
Negative
Psychomotor

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39
Q

What are Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Delusions
Disorganized thoughts
Hallucinations

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40
Q

What is a halucination

A

A false perception in lack of external stimuli

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41
Q

What are the types of hallucinations

A 
Auditory 
Tactile 
Somatic
Visual
gustatory
Olfactory
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42
Q

What are auditory hallucinations

2 types

A

Hear voices speaking to them

Second person - refer to the patient directly
third person - refer to patient as he/she

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43
Q

What is derailment/tangentiality

A

keep shifting from topic to topic

Can’t have a convo about one topic

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44
Q

What are delusions

A

False beliefs that are firmly held on inadequate grounds.

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45
Q

Types of delusions

A

Persecution
Grandeur
Control

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46
Q

What are delusions of persecution

A

Believe someone is out to get them, harm them, slandering them, or plotting against them.

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47
Q

What are delusions of grandeur

A

Believe that they are specially empowered
know famous people
or they think they are famous

eg: ‘i am god’

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48
Q

What are delusions of control

A

Believe that feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others.

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49
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Alogia
Blunted effect
Flat effect
Avolition

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50
Q

What is Alogia (neg symptom of schizophrenia)

A

Aka poverty of speech

Don’t speak much
Reply to things in 1 word (eg)

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51
Q

What is blunted effect (neg symptom of schizophrenia)

A

Show less emotions.

less anger, sadness, joy, etc.

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52
Q

What is the flat effect (neg symptom of schizophrenia)

A

Show no emotion at all

Straight face to everything

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53
Q

What is Avolition (neg symptom of schizophrenia)

A

Aka apathy

Inability to start or complete a course of action.

Become totally focused on own idea and fantasies, and therefore they have to withdraw socially and from society.

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54
Q

Examples of psychomotor symptoms

A

Move less spontaneously

Make odd gestures and grimaces

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55
Q

3 types of catatonia (schizophrenia)

A

Catatonic stupor - Remain motionless and silent for long periods of time
Catatonic rigidity - Upright and rigid posture for items
Catatonic Posturing - Awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time.

56
Q

Cause of schizophrenia

A

Dopamine hypothesis - High levels of dopamine (neurotransmitter).

Genetics

Upbringing

Diathesis-stress
mode

57
Q

Treatment for schizophrenia -

A

anti psychotic drugs that aim to reduce dopamine levels

58
Q

Dangers with reducing dopamine levels

A

Parkinson’s disease,

59
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease

A

A motor disorder

60
Q

What disorder can the use of the anti psychotic drugs cause

A

Tardive dyskinesia - Anti Psychotics cause Parkinson’s like symptoms.

61
Q

How to treat Parkinson’s

Drug name
Aim of drug
Side effects

A

L dopa

Increase dopamine levels

Side effects: schizophrenic symptoms

62
Q

What does low serotonin cause

A

Low serotonin - depression

63
Q

Genetic cause for schizophrenia

A

Very common and supported cause

75/80% schizophrenic cases are caused by a genetic vulnerability

64
Q

What is a double bind

A

Person is brought up in a contradictory environment.

eg: Mom wants kid to do/be sometinhg, dad wants sumn else, grand parents want sumn else, etc.

65
Q

What is the diathesis stress model

A

states that disorders are caused due to biological factors

66
Q

What is a paraphyllia

another name for it

A

Aka psychosexual disorders

Sexual attraction to objects, peopl. activities that aren’t sexual

67
Q

What is Pedophilia

A

Aroused by children

68
Q

what is zoophilia

A

Aroused by animals

69
Q

what is fetishism

A

Aroused by objects

70
Q

who is a masochist

A

someone aroused by being in pain

71
Q

who is a sadist

A

someone aroused by inflicting pain

72
Q

Who is a voyeur

A

someone Aroused by watching sexual activity.

73
Q

What is OCD - and the 2 parts

A

Obsessive Compulsive disorder

Repeated pattern of Obsessions and Compulsions

74
Q

What are the disorders in cluster A (personality disorder

A

Paranoid
Schizoid
Schizotypal

75
Q

What is paranoid personality (cluster A)

A

Patterns of distrust of others that may not be justified by real circumstances.

76
Q

Schizoid personality disorder (cluster A)

A

Detachment from social relationships, and the person prefers solidary activities.

77
Q

Schizotypal (cluster A)

A

Display odd behavior

78
Q

What are the disorders in cluster B (personality disorder)

A

Anti social, histrionic, narcistic personality, borderline.

79
Q

What is histrionic (cluster B)

who is it common among

A

Want to be the center of attention, are very seductive and have a lot of friends.

Common in women

80
Q

What is narcistic personality (Cluster B)

A

Superiority complex

81
Q

What is antisocial (cluster B)

A

Violate others and commit crimes without any sense of guilt

Destructive, aggressive, impulsive.

82
Q

What is borderline (cluster B)

A

Constant sense of void and insecurity in relationships.

Low self esteem

83
Q

Disorders in cluster C (personality disorder)

A

OCPD, r, Dependent

84
Q

What is OCPD full form and characterisitcs

A

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Perfectionist
Devoted to work and productivity
Very rigid
Won’t discard used items

85
Q

What stage of fixation would Freud say someone with OCPD was at

A

Anal stage of fixation

86
Q

What is avoidant personality (Cluster C)

A

Skip social activities and they are scared of rejection and embarrassment. They feel inferior and have a low self esteem.

87
Q

What is dependent personality (Cluster C)

A

Inability to be autonomous and want other’s to take decisions for them out of a fear of disagreement and loss of support.

88
Q

what is ptsd full form and explanation

A

post traumatic stress disorder

Flashbacks/nightmares of very traumatic events (eg: war or natural disaster) which cause anxiety.

89
Q

2 Types of symptoms for PTSD

A

Emotional Numbness

Impaired concentration

90
Q

What is OCD full form, explanation and 2 parts

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder - repeated pattern of obsessions and compulsions

Obsessions
Compulsions

91
Q

What is an obsession (OCD)

A

The mind constantly thinks about the same thing, which causes anxiety

92
Q

How does an obsession cause a reduction in productivity

A

The thought keeps running and that reduces productivity.

93
Q

What is a compulsion

A

An action to curb the obsession and anxiety.

94
Q

What are the 3 types of somatic disorders

A

Somatic symptoms
Illness anxiety
Conversoin

95
Q

What are somatic symptoms (somatic disorders)

A

When a person experiences a physical symptom but there is no illness or biological reason to it.

96
Q

When is somatic symptoms diagnosed

A

After patient goes to numerous doctors, can’t find anything wrong but are still worried.

97
Q

What is the illness anxiety disorder

A

There is no pain/physical symptoms but the patient constantly thinks they are ill.

98
Q

What is conversion (somatic disorders)

A

The sudden feeling of loss/a change in motor, organ function or bodily function without any biological reason.

99
Q

What is a phantom limb

A

Experience pain in a limb that doesn’t exist.

100
Q

Diff theories and causes of somatic symptoms - freud and behaviorist

A

Freud - Unresolved unconscious conflicts that manifest as physical symptoms.

Behaviorist - reinforced behavior

101
Q

What is a dissociative disorder

A

Severance of connections between ideas and emotion.

102
Q

Types of dissociative disorders

A

Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative identity
Derealization

103
Q

What is dissociative amnesia and which defense mechanism does it connect to

A

Extensive selective memory loss without any biological explanation. May even forget previous identity and assume a new one.

Repression.

104
Q

What is dissociative fugue

A

Memory loss + traveling elsewhere.

105
Q

What is dissociative identity

A

Have more than 1 personalities that aren’t aware of each other due to childhood trauma.

106
Q

What is depersonalisation

A

Look at yourself from a distance, feel like you are not in your body and there is a change in self perception

107
Q

What is derealisation

A

Feel like you’re in a dream and the world is not real

108
Q

Causes of dissociative disorders

Freud
Behaviorist
Third one (non theory related)

A

Freud - some trauma that has been repressed

Behaviorist - Some reward that has reinforced behavior. Eg: Reward of no stress during amnesia.

Childhood trauma

109
Q

3 levels of substance disorders

A

Use
Abuse
Dependence

110
Q

What is use level of substance disorders

A

occasional use of substances (drugs, alc, etc)

111
Q

What is the abuse level of substance disorders

A

Consuming the substance at more than healthy levels, but haven’t reached an addiction level.

112
Q

What is the dependence level of substance disorders.

A

Addicted

113
Q

2 parts of addiction

A

Tolerance

Withdrawal

114
Q

What is tolerance (addiction)

A

Keep increasing the amount of the substance to feel the same high.

Body gets used to the initial level of substance

115
Q

What is Withdrawal (addiction)

A

Psychological or physical symptoms when you are not using the substance/trying to stop.

116
Q

What does a inhibitory substance do

A

Slows the body down

117
Q

What does a stimulatory substance do

A

Puts body in a euphoric state, energized, etc.

118
Q

What is the IQ Level for mental retardation

A

IQ < 70

119
Q

Diff stages of mental retardation and IQ levesl

A

mild - 55 to 70 iq
moderate - 35 to 55
Profound/sever - below 25

120
Q

2 Components of ADHD

Which components does a patient have to have

A

Attention deficiency
Hyperactivity

Doesnt have to have both components, can also just have 1

121
Q

What are the char of the attention deficiency component of ADHD

A 
Disorganized 
Easily distracted
Forgetful
Doesn't finish assignments 
Loses interest quickly 
Doesn't follow instructions.
122
Q

What arc the char of hyperactive component of ADHD

What can it transform into

A

Constant motion
Hard to sit stilll
Restless
Can transform to impulsivity or aggression when they get older

123
Q

What are the symptoms of the Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Communication is a struggle for them

Only interact with a few people

Very particular about routines and organisation

Very restricted range of interests.

124
Q

What is high function autism

A

Mild autism where people can still function and live independently

125
Q

What is Asperger’s disease

A

Similar to autism except there is no language impairment

126
Q

What is ODD (full form and char)

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Very stubborn, hostile, no self awareness, defy authority

127
Q

What is conduct disorder

What does it end up transforming in usually

A

Violate others, family expectations, societal norms without any guilt or empathy.

Childhood version of Antisocial, usually transforms to antisocial

128
Q

Symptoms of conduct disorder

A

Verbal aggression

Commit crimes such as major deceitfulness and theft or property damage

129
Q

Trauma and stress related disorders

A

Reactive attachment disorder

Adjustment disorder

130
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder

A

Problems of attachment with attachment figures as a child which lead to attachment problems as an adult,

131
Q

What is adjustment disorder

A

Hard to adjust to new set ups and changes. Any of those can result in depression and anxiety.

132
Q

What is PICA

A

An eating disorder - eat everything including inedible objects.

133
Q

What is factitious disorder

A

Falsify symptoms for attention, medical help, sympathy, etc.

134
Q

Causes for Factitious disorder

A

May have unconsciously learned that falsifying the symptoms would earn them rewards such as attention, pity, etc.

135
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder

A

Constant anxiousness about the way you look which could lead to anxiety and depression.

136
Q

What is hoarding disorder

A

Keep collecting things for years, no matter what it is.

Letting the obj go causes anxiety.

AP psychology (16 decks)

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