personality Flashcards
what is the 2 type theory name, by who, how many types
Type A and Type B Theory
by Friedmen and Rosenman
4 Types - Type A, B, C, D
Characteristics of Type A
Type A people: competitive, time urgent, hostile and aggressive
Characteristics of Type B
Type B people: relaxed, patient and easy going
Characteristics of Type C given by who
Type C: bottle up feelings
Morris
Characteristics of Type D
Type D: very pessimistic and negative personalities. overthink a lot, extremely low self-esteem
What is the psychoanalytical theory
Given by who
Given by Freud
he believed that one’s personality was essentially set in early childhood (behavioral school)
Psychoanalytical psyche 3 parts and explanation
mnemonic (js a way for us to rem not actually included in the syl): thanos
Eros- need to survive/life instinct
libido- sexual instinct/drive
Thanatos- aggresive/death instinct
What were the 3 Levels of consciousness and explanation (Freud)
Unconscious - Thoughts and feelings one is not aware of.
Pre-conscious - Thoughts and feelings that one is not currently aware of, but they will remember if they apply effort.
Conscious - Everything one is currently aware of - thoughts, feelings, etc.
What were the 3 structures of personality and explanation (Freud)
since when was each
which principle each follows
The main goal of each
Id-
Since birth
Pleasure principle
Main goal: immediate gratification which leads to impulsive drives
Ego -
Age of 2 or 3
Follows the reality principle
Main goal: provides a reality check of what can/cannot be done. Shows the bitter threatening reality.
Superego -
Age 5
Doesn’t follow any principle
Acts as a conscience and balances the ID and EGO
Why is anxiety caused (in relation to the structures of personality)
Conflicts between ID, Ego, and superego
Why are defense mechanisms used
To deal with anxiety unconsciously
what is repression
a defense mechanism in which you unconsciously block thoughts out from conscious awareness
what is denial
a defense mechanism in which the person does not accept the ego (reality threatening truth)
what is displacement
a defense mechanism in which the person redirects their thoughts or feelings onto other people who are less threatening
(taking out anger if angry on other people)
eg: If parents scream at you, you scream at sibling
what is reaction formation
a defense mechanism in which the person expresses the opposite of how they truly feel
(cracking jokes when sad)
what is rationalisation
a defense mechanism in which one comes up with a beneficial result of undesirable an occurrence was
(trying to make urself feel better)
what is intellectualization
A defense mechanism where you undertake an academic, unemotional study of a topic.
(Finding facts, statistics, etc to make urself feel better)
what is sublimation
The healthiest defense mechanism where one accepts and channelizes thoughts and emotions in a healthy manner.
Eg: start boxing (the sport not rando people) if angry.
What does every stage in psychosexual stage of development have
Erogenous zone (pleasure zone) Key event
Stages in psychosexual stage (list in order)
Oral Anal Phallic Latency Adult genital
What is the oral stage
Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to
Birth to 1 year old
Keyevent - breastfeed
Erogenous zone - mouth
Fixation name - Oral fixation (mouth related) - leads to nail biting, etc.
What is the Anal stage
Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to
Age: 1 to 3 yrs old
zone of pleasure - bowels
Key events - toilet training
Anal fixation:
over gratified - anal retentive - leads to very clean and hyper-organized people.
under gratified - Anal expulsive - very disorganized and messy people
What is the phallic stage
Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to
Age: 3 to 5
Key event: Oedipus or Electra crisis
Erogenous zone - genitalia
What is the Oedipus or Electra crisis
Period of time where the boys start to like the mothers and girls like fathers.
They view the same sex parent as a rival for the opposite sex’s parent’s love, attention, etc.
This leads to them identifying with the same sex parent (defense mechanism) and they break away from the opp sex parent, and start acting like same sex parent.
What is the latency stage
Age
What happens
Age: 6 to Puberty
Repress sexual drive - push out of consciousness, instead start focus on school, sports, etc.
Adult genital stage
What happens
Erogenous stage
Age
Rest of their life - post puberty
Sex drive comes back
Erogenous stage - genitalia
Phallic stage fixation
Only friends with people of the opposite sex since they couldn’t identify with the same sex
What are the critisms Freud received
He treated men as superior in his theories
Overestimated the importance of childhood and sexual pleasure
Had very little scientific evidence behind his theories
Who are neo freudians
Came after freud and gave their point of view.
Who does the psychodynamic schl consist of
Freud + neofreudians and post freudians.
What schl of thought is Karen Horney from and what did she suggest
Psychodynamic
Womb envy - Men are jealous of women’s reproductive ability.
What did Carl Jung propose
The unconscious has 2 parts - personal and collective.
What is the personal and collective unconscious
What does collective have
personal - same as freud’s
collective - Passed down through the species, has similarities seen within cultures.
Contains archetypes - universal concepts we all share as part of the human species.
Example of architypes in collective
Fear of dark
What a villian/hero looks like.
What are the 2 sides of the personality
Persona
Shadow
What is the persona side of personality
Side you show to the world
What is the shadow side of personality
the ‘evil stage’ which has the insecurities, weakness, etc that aren’t showed to the public.
What is the anima and the animus
Anima - female side in males
Animus - male side in females
What did alfred adler suggest
Fictional finalism
Birth order
Complexes - inferiority, superiority.
What is fictional finalism
Motivated to work towards a goal and obtain ‘superiority’ since all the members want to avoid failure and ‘inferiority’.
What is brith order
The order in which you are born affects personality
What is a type (trait theory)
A broad umbrella of traits
What is a trait
A specific characteristic
What is the nemothetic approach
Very generalized personalities.
What did Hans Eysenck give
Scale 1 - Introversion extroversion scale.
Scale 2 -Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale
Scale 3 - Psychoticism vs Sociability
What is Scale 1 - Introversion Extroversion scale
Characteristics of an introvert
Characteristics of an extrovert
Who gave
Measures how introverted or extroverted a person is
Introvert:
Reserved
Shy
Less easy going
Extrovert:
Out going
Easy to “mingle” with people
Hans Eysenck
Another name for Scale 2 - Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale
What does Neuroticism mean
What does emotionally stable mean
Who gave
Stable Unstable scale
Neuroticism - unable to balance emotions
Emotionally stable - can control emotions
Hans Eysenck
scale 3 - Psychoticism vs sociability scale
what is Psychoticism
What is sociability
Who gave
Psychoticism - bizarre idea, don’t fit in society, anti social
Sociability - social beings, fit in norms of society.
Hans Eysenck
What was the McCrae Costa Theory
What is the acronym
Test name
Big 5 personality traits
OCEAN
Neo-V (v as in the roman numeral 5)
What does OCEAN Stand for
O - Openness to experience C - Conscientiousness E - Extraversion A - Agreeableness N - Neuroticism
Explain the ‘O’ in OCEAN
What is the other side of the ‘O’ (contradictory trait)
Openness to experience
How imaginative, curious, open to ideas a person is.
Contradictory trait - rigid
Explain the ‘C’ in OCEAN
Opposite trait
Conscientiousness
Achievement oriented people who are responsible, dependable, hard working and self controlled
Opposite: Impulsive people
Explain the ‘E’ in OCEAN
Opposite trait
Extraversion
How socially active, outgoing, talkative, fun loving and asserting a person is
Opposite - People who are shy.
Explain the ‘A’ In OCEAN
Opposite
Agreeableness
How friendly, caring, helpful a person is
Opposite - Self centered, hostile, etc.
Explain the ‘N’ in OCEAN
Opposite
Neuroticism
How emotionally unstable, worried, and stressed a person is
Opposite is: well adjusted and emotionally stable.
16 PF test Full form
Who was it given by
16 Personality Factor Test
Cattell
What is a personality factor
Similar traits that have been clubbed together to form a factor.
What are the biological theories for personality
Genetics - chemicals, hormones, body type
Temperament - emotional style which we are born, inherited from parents.
Hippocrates’s theory
Sheldon somatotype theory
What was Hippocrates theory
what were the 4 fluids
Status of the theory (accepted or rej)
There are 4 fluids in the body that combine in different quantities to shape a personality
Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile
Phlegm
Rejected.
What was the Sheldon somatotpe theory
What were the 3 body types and how did they impact the personality
Status of theory
The body type decides personality
Endomorphs-
Fat, round
Relaxed and sociable
Mesomorphs -
Muscular
Energetic, courageous
Ectomorphs
Thin, long, fragile bodies
Introverted, brainy
Rejected.
What was skinner’s thoery
Personality is shaped by the environment and everything is learnt from the enivironment.
Name of the social cognitive theory
by who
Triadic reciprocity AKA Reciprocal determinism
Bandura
Components of the triadic reciprocity
explain each
Person’s traits
Environment
Behavior of the person
All influence each other
Another factor according to bandura that influences personality
explanation
what does high x mean
what does low x mean
x = the other factor
Self efficacy - How much potential you think you have
High self efficacy - optimistic and confident
Low self efficacy - helpless and powerless
Who gave the locus of control theory
What were the 2 loci of control
Explanation for both
Rotter
Internal and External
Internal - Responsibilities lies with themselves
eg: I did bad on the test because I didn’t study
External - Blame external factors
Eg: I did bad on the test because the teacher marked strictly.
What was the personal construct theory
Who gave it
How does it impact personality
People develop sets of constructs
eg: fair/unfair, smart/dumb
George Kelly
The construct you believe in impacts personality
Eg: If you believe the world is a fair place - more trusting
If you believe the world is an unfair place - Lie more, untrusting, etc.
What did the humanistic school say
Does it have determinants? why? why not?
Personality, disorders and behavior is attached to purpose in life.
No determinants - relies on ‘free will’ - up to you to shape your personality.
List Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self actualization Esteem needs Social (Belonginess and love) needs Safety needs Physiological needs
What therapy did carl rogers give
What else did he propose
What can Discrepancies in what he proposed lead to
Client centered therapy - receive unconditional positive regard and are not judged.
Talks about the idea of self - ideal and real self. Discrepancies leads to disorders.
What are the 3 personality tests and by who
EPQ - Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Eysenck
Neo-V - OCEAN - McCrae and costa
16 PF - Cattell
What is the MMPI-2 and what does it tell us
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
A self report instrument that tells us the personality and psychopathology (disorders)
Special characteristic of EPQ and MMPI
Lie scales - trick questions that detect if a person has been lying
Biases
Middle category bias -
acquiesce
Extreme question bias
1- always put the middle ans
2- always agree with the question
3 - always put the extreme ans
What is in a projective test
Which school of thought uses
Purpose
3 types
Clients are shown ambiguous stimuli and are made to interpret
Psychoanalytical
To measure or understand the unconscious
Rorschach inkblot test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Draw a person test
What is the in the Rorschach inkblot test and diff phases
Showed 10 inkblots and the patient is asked to describe what they see.
Phase 1 - performance proper phase - What do you see
Phase 2 - Inquiry phase - why do you see that
What is the TAT
Thematic Apperception Test
Showed cards, each of which contains a picture of a person or people in an ambiguous situation.
People are asked to describe what is happening in the pictures
What is the draw a person test
Asked to draw a person and then weave a story around that person.
What is a semi-projective test
Complete the sentence test.
Why are projective tests unreliable
Very subjective, even the therapist’s interpretations are very subjective.
What is self image
Idea of how you look
What is self esteem
How much you think you are worth
What is self concept
person’s global feeling about himself or herself
Basically all- self image, self esteem and self efficacy combined.
