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personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the 2 type theory name, by who, how many types

A

Type A and Type B Theory
by Friedmen and Rosenman

4 Types - Type A, B, C, D

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2
Q

Characteristics of Type A

A

Type A people: competitive, time urgent, hostile and aggressive

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3
Q

Characteristics of Type B

A

Type B people: relaxed, patient and easy going

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4
Q

Characteristics of Type C given by who

A

Type C: bottle up feelings

Morris

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5
Q

Characteristics of Type D

A

Type D: very pessimistic and negative personalities. overthink a lot, extremely low self-esteem

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6
Q

What is the psychoanalytical theory

Given by who

A

Given by Freud

he believed that one’s personality was essentially set in early childhood (behavioral school)

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7
Q

Psychoanalytical psyche 3 parts and explanation

mnemonic (js a way for us to rem not actually included in the syl): thanos

A

Eros- need to survive/life instinct
libido- sexual instinct/drive
Thanatos- aggresive/death instinct

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8
Q

What were the 3 Levels of consciousness and explanation (Freud)

A

Unconscious - Thoughts and feelings one is not aware of.
Pre-conscious - Thoughts and feelings that one is not currently aware of, but they will remember if they apply effort.
Conscious - Everything one is currently aware of - thoughts, feelings, etc.

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9
Q

What were the 3 structures of personality and explanation (Freud)

since when was each
which principle each follows
The main goal of each

A

Id-
Since birth
Pleasure principle
Main goal: immediate gratification which leads to impulsive drives

Ego -
Age of 2 or 3
Follows the reality principle
Main goal: provides a reality check of what can/cannot be done. Shows the bitter threatening reality.

Superego -
Age 5
Doesn’t follow any principle
Acts as a conscience and balances the ID and EGO

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10
Q

Why is anxiety caused (in relation to the structures of personality)

A

Conflicts between ID, Ego, and superego

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11
Q

Why are defense mechanisms used

A

To deal with anxiety unconsciously

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12
Q

what is repression

A

a defense mechanism in which you unconsciously block thoughts out from conscious awareness

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13
Q

what is denial

A

a defense mechanism in which the person does not accept the ego (reality threatening truth)

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14
Q

what is displacement

A

a defense mechanism in which the person redirects their thoughts or feelings onto other people who are less threatening

(taking out anger if angry on other people)

eg: If parents scream at you, you scream at sibling

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15
Q

what is reaction formation

A

a defense mechanism in which the person expresses the opposite of how they truly feel

(cracking jokes when sad)

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16
Q

what is rationalisation

A

a defense mechanism in which one comes up with a beneficial result of undesirable an occurrence was

(trying to make urself feel better)

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17
Q

what is intellectualization

A

A defense mechanism where you undertake an academic, unemotional study of a topic.

(Finding facts, statistics, etc to make urself feel better)

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18
Q

what is sublimation

A

The healthiest defense mechanism where one accepts and channelizes thoughts and emotions in a healthy manner.

Eg: start boxing (the sport not rando people) if angry.

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19
Q

What does every stage in psychosexual stage of development have

A 
Erogenous zone (pleasure zone)
Key event
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20
Q

Stages in psychosexual stage (list in order)

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Adult genital
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21
Q

What is the oral stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Birth to 1 year old
Keyevent - breastfeed
Erogenous zone - mouth
Fixation name - Oral fixation (mouth related) - leads to nail biting, etc.

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22
Q

What is the Anal stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Age: 1 to 3 yrs old
zone of pleasure - bowels
Key events - toilet training

Anal fixation:
over gratified - anal retentive - leads to very clean and hyper-organized people.

under gratified - Anal expulsive - very disorganized and messy people

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23
Q

What is the phallic stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Age: 3 to 5
Key event: Oedipus or Electra crisis
Erogenous zone - genitalia

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24
Q

What is the Oedipus or Electra crisis

A

Period of time where the boys start to like the mothers and girls like fathers.

They view the same sex parent as a rival for the opposite sex’s parent’s love, attention, etc.

This leads to them identifying with the same sex parent (defense mechanism) and they break away from the opp sex parent, and start acting like same sex parent.

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25
Q

What is the latency stage

Age
What happens

A

Age: 6 to Puberty

Repress sexual drive - push out of consciousness, instead start focus on school, sports, etc.

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26
Q

Adult genital stage

What happens
Erogenous stage
Age

A

Rest of their life - post puberty

Sex drive comes back

Erogenous stage - genitalia

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27
Q

Phallic stage fixation

A

Only friends with people of the opposite sex since they couldn’t identify with the same sex

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28
Q

What are the critisms Freud received

A

He treated men as superior in his theories

Overestimated the importance of childhood and sexual pleasure

Had very little scientific evidence behind his theories

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29
Q

Who are neo freudians

A

Came after freud and gave their point of view.

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30
Q

Who does the psychodynamic schl consist of

A

Freud + neofreudians and post freudians.

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31
Q

What schl of thought is Karen Horney from and what did she suggest

A

Psychodynamic

Womb envy - Men are jealous of women’s reproductive ability.

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32
Q

What did Carl Jung propose

A

The unconscious has 2 parts - personal and collective.

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33
Q

What is the personal and collective unconscious

What does collective have

A

personal - same as freud’s

collective - Passed down through the species, has similarities seen within cultures.

Contains archetypes - universal concepts we all share as part of the human species.

34
Q

Example of architypes in collective

A

Fear of dark

What a villian/hero looks like.

35
Q

What are the 2 sides of the personality

A

Persona

Shadow

36
Q

What is the persona side of personality

A

Side you show to the world

37
Q

What is the shadow side of personality

A

the ‘evil stage’ which has the insecurities, weakness, etc that aren’t showed to the public.

38
Q

What is the anima and the animus

A

Anima - female side in males

Animus - male side in females

39
Q

What did alfred adler suggest

A

Fictional finalism
Birth order
Complexes - inferiority, superiority.

40
Q

What is fictional finalism

A

Motivated to work towards a goal and obtain ‘superiority’ since all the members want to avoid failure and ‘inferiority’.

41
Q

What is brith order

A

The order in which you are born affects personality

42
Q

What is a type (trait theory)

A

A broad umbrella of traits

43
Q

What is a trait

A

A specific characteristic

44
Q

What is the nemothetic approach

A

Very generalized personalities.

45
Q

What did Hans Eysenck give

A

Scale 1 - Introversion extroversion scale.
Scale 2 -Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale
Scale 3 - Psychoticism vs Sociability

46
Q

What is Scale 1 - Introversion Extroversion scale

Characteristics of an introvert
Characteristics of an extrovert

Who gave

A

Measures how introverted or extroverted a person is

Introvert:
Reserved
Shy
Less easy going

Extrovert:
Out going
Easy to “mingle” with people

Hans Eysenck

47
Q

Another name for Scale 2 - Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale

What does Neuroticism mean
What does emotionally stable mean

Who gave

A

Stable Unstable scale

Neuroticism - unable to balance emotions
Emotionally stable - can control emotions

Hans Eysenck

48
Q

scale 3 - Psychoticism vs sociability scale

what is Psychoticism
What is sociability

Who gave

A

Psychoticism - bizarre idea, don’t fit in society, anti social

Sociability - social beings, fit in norms of society.

Hans Eysenck

49
Q

What was the McCrae Costa Theory
What is the acronym
Test name

A

Big 5 personality traits

OCEAN

Neo-V (v as in the roman numeral 5)

50
Q

What does OCEAN Stand for

A 
O - Openness to experience
C - Conscientiousness 
E - Extraversion
A - Agreeableness
N - Neuroticism
51
Q

Explain the ‘O’ in OCEAN

What is the other side of the ‘O’ (contradictory trait)

A

Openness to experience

How imaginative, curious, open to ideas a person is.

Contradictory trait - rigid

52
Q

Explain the ‘C’ in OCEAN

Opposite trait

A

Conscientiousness

Achievement oriented people who are responsible, dependable, hard working and self controlled

Opposite: Impulsive people

53
Q

Explain the ‘E’ in OCEAN

Opposite trait

A

Extraversion

How socially active, outgoing, talkative, fun loving and asserting a person is

Opposite - People who are shy.

54
Q

Explain the ‘A’ In OCEAN

Opposite

A

Agreeableness

How friendly, caring, helpful a person is

Opposite - Self centered, hostile, etc.

55
Q

Explain the ‘N’ in OCEAN

Opposite

A

Neuroticism

How emotionally unstable, worried, and stressed a person is

Opposite is: well adjusted and emotionally stable.

56
Q

16 PF test Full form

Who was it given by

A

16 Personality Factor Test

Cattell

57
Q

What is a personality factor

A

Similar traits that have been clubbed together to form a factor.

58
Q

What are the biological theories for personality

A

Genetics - chemicals, hormones, body type

Temperament - emotional style which we are born, inherited from parents.

Hippocrates’s theory

Sheldon somatotype theory

59
Q

What was Hippocrates theory
what were the 4 fluids
Status of the theory (accepted or rej)

A

There are 4 fluids in the body that combine in different quantities to shape a personality

Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile
Phlegm

Rejected.

60
Q

What was the Sheldon somatotpe theory

What were the 3 body types and how did they impact the personality

Status of theory

A

The body type decides personality

Endomorphs-
Fat, round
Relaxed and sociable

Mesomorphs -
Muscular
Energetic, courageous

Ectomorphs
Thin, long, fragile bodies
Introverted, brainy

Rejected.

61
Q

What was skinner’s thoery

A

Personality is shaped by the environment and everything is learnt from the enivironment.

62
Q

Name of the social cognitive theory

by who

A

Triadic reciprocity AKA Reciprocal determinism

Bandura

63
Q

Components of the triadic reciprocity

explain each

A

Person’s traits
Environment
Behavior of the person

All influence each other

64
Q

Another factor according to bandura that influences personality

explanation
what does high x mean
what does low x mean

x = the other factor

A

Self efficacy - How much potential you think you have

High self efficacy - optimistic and confident
Low self efficacy - helpless and powerless

65
Q

Who gave the locus of control theory
What were the 2 loci of control
Explanation for both

A

Rotter

Internal and External

Internal - Responsibilities lies with themselves
eg: I did bad on the test because I didn’t study

External - Blame external factors
Eg: I did bad on the test because the teacher marked strictly.

66
Q

What was the personal construct theory
Who gave it

How does it impact personality

A

People develop sets of constructs
eg: fair/unfair, smart/dumb

George Kelly

The construct you believe in impacts personality

Eg: If you believe the world is a fair place - more trusting
If you believe the world is an unfair place - Lie more, untrusting, etc.

67
Q

What did the humanistic school say

Does it have determinants? why? why not?

A

Personality, disorders and behavior is attached to purpose in life.

No determinants - relies on ‘free will’ - up to you to shape your personality.

68
Q

List Maslow’s Hierarchy

A 
Self actualization 
Esteem needs
Social (Belonginess and love) needs 
Safety needs
Physiological needs
69
Q

What therapy did carl rogers give

What else did he propose
What can Discrepancies in what he proposed lead to

A

Client centered therapy - receive unconditional positive regard and are not judged.

Talks about the idea of self - ideal and real self. Discrepancies leads to disorders.

70
Q

What are the 3 personality tests and by who

A

EPQ - Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Eysenck
Neo-V - OCEAN - McCrae and costa
16 PF - Cattell

71
Q

What is the MMPI-2 and what does it tell us

A

Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

A self report instrument that tells us the personality and psychopathology (disorders)

72
Q

Special characteristic of EPQ and MMPI

A

Lie scales - trick questions that detect if a person has been lying

73
Q

Biases

Middle category bias -
acquiesce
Extreme question bias

A

1- always put the middle ans

2- always agree with the question

3 - always put the extreme ans

74
Q

What is in a projective test
Which school of thought uses
Purpose

3 types

A

Clients are shown ambiguous stimuli and are made to interpret

Psychoanalytical

To measure or understand the unconscious

Rorschach inkblot test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Draw a person test

75
Q

What is the in the Rorschach inkblot test and diff phases

A

Showed 10 inkblots and the patient is asked to describe what they see.

Phase 1 - performance proper phase - What do you see
Phase 2 - Inquiry phase - why do you see that

76
Q

What is the TAT

A

Thematic Apperception Test

Showed cards, each of which contains a picture of a person or people in an ambiguous situation.

People are asked to describe what is happening in the pictures

77
Q

What is the draw a person test

A

Asked to draw a person and then weave a story around that person.

78
Q

What is a semi-projective test

A

Complete the sentence test.

79
Q

Why are projective tests unreliable

A

Very subjective, even the therapist’s interpretations are very subjective.

80
Q

What is self image

A

Idea of how you look

81
Q

What is self esteem

A

How much you think you are worth

82
Q

What is self concept

A

person’s global feeling about himself or herself

Basically all- self image, self esteem and self efficacy combined.

AP psychology (16 decks)

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