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personality Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 2 type theory name, by who, how many types

A

Type A and Type B Theory
by Friedmen and Rosenman

4 Types - Type A, B, C, D

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2
Q

Characteristics of Type A

A

Type A people: competitive, time urgent, hostile and aggressive

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3
Q

Characteristics of Type B

A

Type B people: relaxed, patient and easy going

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4
Q

Characteristics of Type C given by who

A

Type C: bottle up feelings

Morris

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5
Q

Characteristics of Type D

A

Type D: very pessimistic and negative personalities. overthink a lot, extremely low self-esteem

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6
Q

What is the psychoanalytical theory

Given by who

A

Given by Freud

he believed that one’s personality was essentially set in early childhood (behavioral school)

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7
Q

Psychoanalytical psyche 3 parts and explanation

mnemonic (js a way for us to rem not actually included in the syl): thanos

A

Eros- need to survive/life instinct
libido- sexual instinct/drive
Thanatos- aggresive/death instinct

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8
Q

What were the 3 Levels of consciousness and explanation (Freud)

A

Unconscious - Thoughts and feelings one is not aware of.
Pre-conscious - Thoughts and feelings that one is not currently aware of, but they will remember if they apply effort.
Conscious - Everything one is currently aware of - thoughts, feelings, etc.

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9
Q

What were the 3 structures of personality and explanation (Freud)

since when was each
which principle each follows
The main goal of each

A

Id-
Since birth
Pleasure principle
Main goal: immediate gratification which leads to impulsive drives

Ego -
Age of 2 or 3
Follows the reality principle
Main goal: provides a reality check of what can/cannot be done. Shows the bitter threatening reality.

Superego -
Age 5
Doesn’t follow any principle
Acts as a conscience and balances the ID and EGO

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10
Q

Why is anxiety caused (in relation to the structures of personality)

A

Conflicts between ID, Ego, and superego

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11
Q

Why are defense mechanisms used

A

To deal with anxiety unconsciously

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12
Q

what is repression

A

a defense mechanism in which you unconsciously block thoughts out from conscious awareness

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13
Q

what is denial

A

a defense mechanism in which the person does not accept the ego (reality threatening truth)

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14
Q

what is displacement

A

a defense mechanism in which the person redirects their thoughts or feelings onto other people who are less threatening

(taking out anger if angry on other people)

eg: If parents scream at you, you scream at sibling

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15
Q

what is reaction formation

A

a defense mechanism in which the person expresses the opposite of how they truly feel

(cracking jokes when sad)

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16
Q

what is rationalisation

A

a defense mechanism in which one comes up with a beneficial result of undesirable an occurrence was

(trying to make urself feel better)

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17
Q

what is intellectualization

A

A defense mechanism where you undertake an academic, unemotional study of a topic.

(Finding facts, statistics, etc to make urself feel better)

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18
Q

what is sublimation

A

The healthiest defense mechanism where one accepts and channelizes thoughts and emotions in a healthy manner.

Eg: start boxing (the sport not rando people) if angry.

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19
Q

What does every stage in psychosexual stage of development have

A 
Erogenous zone (pleasure zone)
Key event
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20
Q

Stages in psychosexual stage (list in order)

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Adult genital
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21
Q

What is the oral stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Birth to 1 year old
Keyevent - breastfeed
Erogenous zone - mouth
Fixation name - Oral fixation (mouth related) - leads to nail biting, etc.

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22
Q

What is the Anal stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Age: 1 to 3 yrs old
zone of pleasure - bowels
Key events - toilet training

Anal fixation:
over gratified - anal retentive - leads to very clean and hyper-organized people.

under gratified - Anal expulsive - very disorganized and messy people

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23
Q

What is the phallic stage

Age
Key event
Erogenous zone
Fixation and what it could lead to

A

Age: 3 to 5
Key event: Oedipus or Electra crisis
Erogenous zone - genitalia

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24
Q

What is the Oedipus or Electra crisis

A

Period of time where the boys start to like the mothers and girls like fathers.

They view the same sex parent as a rival for the opposite sex’s parent’s love, attention, etc.

This leads to them identifying with the same sex parent (defense mechanism) and they break away from the opp sex parent, and start acting like same sex parent.

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25
What is the latency stage Age What happens
Age: 6 to Puberty Repress sexual drive - push out of consciousness, instead start focus on school, sports, etc.
26
Adult genital stage What happens Erogenous stage Age
Rest of their life - post puberty Sex drive comes back Erogenous stage - genitalia
27
Phallic stage fixation
Only friends with people of the opposite sex since they couldn't identify with the same sex
28
What are the critisms Freud received
He treated men as superior in his theories Overestimated the importance of childhood and sexual pleasure Had very little scientific evidence behind his theories
29
Who are neo freudians
Came after freud and gave their point of view.
30
Who does the psychodynamic schl consist of
Freud + neofreudians and post freudians.
31
What schl of thought is Karen Horney from and what did she suggest
Psychodynamic Womb envy - Men are jealous of women's reproductive ability.
32
What did Carl Jung propose
The unconscious has 2 parts - personal and collective.
33
What is the personal and collective unconscious What does collective have
personal - same as freud's collective - Passed down through the species, has similarities seen within cultures. Contains archetypes - universal concepts we all share as part of the human species.
34
Example of architypes in collective
Fear of dark | What a villian/hero looks like.
35
What are the 2 sides of the personality
Persona | Shadow
36
What is the persona side of personality
Side you show to the world
37
What is the shadow side of personality
the 'evil stage' which has the insecurities, weakness, etc that aren't showed to the public.
38
What is the anima and the animus
Anima - female side in males | Animus - male side in females
39
What did alfred adler suggest
Fictional finalism Birth order Complexes - inferiority, superiority.
40
What is fictional finalism
Motivated to work towards a goal and obtain 'superiority' since all the members want to avoid failure and 'inferiority'.
41
What is brith order
The order in which you are born affects personality
42
What is a type (trait theory)
A broad umbrella of traits
43
What is a trait
A specific characteristic
44
What is the nemothetic approach
Very generalized personalities.
45
What did Hans Eysenck give
Scale 1 - Introversion extroversion scale. Scale 2 -Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale Scale 3 - Psychoticism vs Sociability
46
What is Scale 1 - Introversion Extroversion scale Characteristics of an introvert Characteristics of an extrovert Who gave
Measures how introverted or extroverted a person is Introvert: Reserved Shy Less easy going Extrovert: Out going Easy to "mingle" with people Hans Eysenck
47
Another name for Scale 2 - Neuroticism vs emotionally stable scale What does Neuroticism mean What does emotionally stable mean Who gave
Stable Unstable scale Neuroticism - unable to balance emotions Emotionally stable - can control emotions Hans Eysenck
48
scale 3 - Psychoticism vs sociability scale what is Psychoticism What is sociability Who gave
Psychoticism - bizarre idea, don't fit in society, anti social Sociability - social beings, fit in norms of society. Hans Eysenck
49
What was the McCrae Costa Theory What is the acronym Test name
Big 5 personality traits OCEAN Neo-V (v as in the roman numeral 5)
50
What does OCEAN Stand for
``` O - Openness to experience C - Conscientiousness E - Extraversion A - Agreeableness N - Neuroticism ```
51
Explain the 'O' in OCEAN What is the other side of the 'O' (contradictory trait)
Openness to experience How imaginative, curious, open to ideas a person is. Contradictory trait - rigid
52
Explain the 'C' in OCEAN Opposite trait
Conscientiousness Achievement oriented people who are responsible, dependable, hard working and self controlled Opposite: Impulsive people
53
Explain the 'E' in OCEAN Opposite trait
Extraversion How socially active, outgoing, talkative, fun loving and asserting a person is Opposite - People who are shy.
54
Explain the 'A' In OCEAN Opposite
Agreeableness How friendly, caring, helpful a person is Opposite - Self centered, hostile, etc.
55
Explain the 'N' in OCEAN Opposite
Neuroticism How emotionally unstable, worried, and stressed a person is Opposite is: well adjusted and emotionally stable.
56
16 PF test Full form | Who was it given by
16 Personality Factor Test Cattell
57
What is a personality factor
Similar traits that have been clubbed together to form a factor.
58
What are the biological theories for personality
Genetics - chemicals, hormones, body type Temperament - emotional style which we are born, inherited from parents. Hippocrates's theory Sheldon somatotype theory
59
What was Hippocrates theory what were the 4 fluids Status of the theory (accepted or rej)
There are 4 fluids in the body that combine in different quantities to shape a personality Blood Yellow bile Black bile Phlegm Rejected.
60
What was the Sheldon somatotpe theory What were the 3 body types and how did they impact the personality Status of theory
The body type decides personality Endomorphs- Fat, round Relaxed and sociable Mesomorphs - Muscular Energetic, courageous Ectomorphs Thin, long, fragile bodies Introverted, brainy Rejected.
61
What was skinner's thoery
Personality is shaped by the environment and everything is learnt from the enivironment.
62
Name of the social cognitive theory | by who
Triadic reciprocity AKA Reciprocal determinism | Bandura
63
Components of the triadic reciprocity | explain each
Person's traits Environment Behavior of the person All influence each other
64
Another factor according to bandura that influences personality explanation what does high x mean what does low x mean x = the other factor
Self efficacy - How much potential you think you have High self efficacy - optimistic and confident Low self efficacy - helpless and powerless
65
Who gave the locus of control theory What were the 2 loci of control Explanation for both
Rotter Internal and External Internal - Responsibilities lies with themselves eg: I did bad on the test because I didn't study External - Blame external factors Eg: I did bad on the test because the teacher marked strictly.
66
What was the personal construct theory Who gave it How does it impact personality
People develop sets of constructs eg: fair/unfair, smart/dumb George Kelly The construct you believe in impacts personality Eg: If you believe the world is a fair place - more trusting If you believe the world is an unfair place - Lie more, untrusting, etc.
67
What did the humanistic school say Does it have determinants? why? why not?
Personality, disorders and behavior is attached to purpose in life. No determinants - relies on 'free will' - up to you to shape your personality.
68
List Maslow's Hierarchy
``` Self actualization Esteem needs Social (Belonginess and love) needs Safety needs Physiological needs ```
69
What therapy did carl rogers give What else did he propose What can Discrepancies in what he proposed lead to
Client centered therapy - receive unconditional positive regard and are not judged. Talks about the idea of self - ideal and real self. Discrepancies leads to disorders.
70
What are the 3 personality tests and by who
EPQ - Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Eysenck Neo-V - OCEAN - McCrae and costa 16 PF - Cattell
71
What is the MMPI-2 and what does it tell us
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory A self report instrument that tells us the personality and psychopathology (disorders)
72
Special characteristic of EPQ and MMPI
Lie scales - trick questions that detect if a person has been lying
73
Biases Middle category bias - acquiesce Extreme question bias
1- always put the middle ans 2- always agree with the question 3 - always put the extreme ans
74
What is in a projective test Which school of thought uses Purpose 3 types
Clients are shown ambiguous stimuli and are made to interpret Psychoanalytical To measure or understand the unconscious Rorschach inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Draw a person test
75
What is the in the Rorschach inkblot test and diff phases
Showed 10 inkblots and the patient is asked to describe what they see. Phase 1 - performance proper phase - What do you see Phase 2 - Inquiry phase - why do you see that
76
What is the TAT
Thematic Apperception Test Showed cards, each of which contains a picture of a person or people in an ambiguous situation. People are asked to describe what is happening in the pictures
77
What is the draw a person test
Asked to draw a person and then weave a story around that person.
78
What is a semi-projective test
Complete the sentence test.
79
Why are projective tests unreliable
Very subjective, even the therapist's interpretations are very subjective.
80
What is self image
Idea of how you look
81
What is self esteem
How much you think you are worth
82
What is self concept
person’s global feeling about himself or herself Basically all- self image, self esteem and self efficacy combined.

AP psychology (16 decks)

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