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1
Q

Types of conditioning

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Conditioning

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2
Q

Types of learning

A

Observational
Insight
Latent
Abstract

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3
Q

Bobodoll experiment

Theory and who was it by?

A

Theory: Observational learning/Modelling/Vicarious learning
By: Bandura

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4
Q

Steps of observational learning

A

Observe
Remember
Imitate

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5
Q

Latent learning

Who was it by?

A

Learning which is not shown and “hidden” somewhere in the brain - manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear

Experiment by: Edward Tolman

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6
Q

What was the Tolman experiment

A

Latent learning

3 Groups of rats go through a maze:
Group 1 - give a reward at the end of every run
Group 2 - For the first week they aren’t given a reward, for the second week they are
Group 3 - Never given a reward.

Group 2 rats never did well in the first week and took a long time to complete the maze since there was no motivation, but when a reward was offered in the second week they outperformed even the first group in completing the maze.

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7
Q

Insight learning

Who was it by

A

The sudden ‘aha’ moment which is an insight.

Experiment by: Wolfgang Köhler

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8
Q

What was the Wolfgang Köhler expierment

A

Put chimpanzees and some material in a room with bananas suspended from the ceiling just of reach. At the start the chimpanzees get try to reach the bananas , but it wasn’t working… Then they had the sudden insight to use the material to reach the banana and got it.

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9
Q

Abstract learning

A

Different animals learn information of day-to-day life.

Eg: A wood pecker learns what a tree is and can recognize a picture of it.

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10
Q

Classical Coditioning

Experiment and founder

A

By: Ivan Pavlov

Experiment: Dog salivating experiment

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11
Q

Components of classical conditioning

A

US - Unconditioned stimulus
UR - Unconditioned Response
CS - Conditioned stimulus
CR - conditioned response

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12
Q

4 Types of classical conditioning

A

Delayed conditioning
Trace conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
Backward conditioning

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13
Q

How classical conditioning works

A

The US always elicits a UR

When the CS is paired over and over again with an US it eventually elicits a response, equivalent to an UR, that is now a CR.

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14
Q

What is delayed conditioning

A

Best and most efficient form of conditioning where the CS is very prominent.

CS starts –> US starts –> US stops –> CS stops

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15
Q

What is Trace conditioning

A

A very slow method of conditioning

CS starts –> CS Stops –> US Starts –> US Stops

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16
Q

What is Simultaneous conditioning

A

A type of conditioning where learning is very weak

Both CS and US start and end simultaneously

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17
Q

What is backward conditioning

A

Conditioning where no learning occurs

US starts –> US stops –> CS Starts –> CS stops

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18
Q

What is extinction

A

Unlearning process where the CS no longer triggers the CR.

19
Q

How does extinction occur

A

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, and the association breaks.

20
Q

What is spontaneous recovery

A

When the association comes back after extinction for a brief period.

21
Q

What is generlaisation

A

When the US is associated with ALL THE SIMILAIR CS

22
Q

What is discrimination

A

Occurs when the organism learning is trained to differentiate between similar CS.

23
Q

What is aversive conditioning

A

The use of a punishment to stop an unwanted behavior

24
Q

Who suggested aversive conditioning

A

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

25
Q

What is high-order conditioning

A

Once a CS produces a CR –> You use that CS as a US to train another different behavior.

example:
bell(CS) + food(US) = salivation(UR)
bell alone(CS) = salivation(CR)

then

bell(US) + light(CS) = salivation(UR)
light(CS) = salivation(CR)

26
Q

Strongest sense to averse from an item

A

Taste

27
Q

What is the Garcia effect

A

Refers to taste eversion.

28
Q

What is operant CONDITIONING

another name for it

A

Operant conditioning revolves around consequences.

If the consequences are positive, you would repeat that behavior and vice versa.

A.K.A instrumental learning

29
Q

Who suggested operant conditioning/learning

A

B.F Skinner

30
Q

what are the types of reinforcement

A

Positive reinforcement - adding something pleasant

negative reinforcement - removing something unpleasant

31
Q

What are types of punishment

A

Positive punishment - adding something unpleasant

Negative punishment - removing something pleasant

32
Q

What does reinforcement do

A

Increases the likelihood of a behavior

33
Q

What does punishment do

A

Decrease the likelihood of a behavior

34
Q

What is escape learning.

A

When the subject is already in the presence of some aversive stimulus, and wants to terminate it.

35
Q

What is avoidance learning

A

Avoiding unpleasant stimuli

36
Q

What is skinner’s box

A

A contraption created in order to study animal behavior.

An animal must perform a certain task (flick a lever, etc) to get a reward

37
Q

what is aversive conditioning

A

conditioning in which the CR is negative

38
Q

what is shaping

A

reinforces the steps used to reach a desired behaviour

39
Q

what is chaining

A

teaching a subject to perform a number of responses successively to attain a reward

40
Q

what is a general reinforcer

A

money

41
Q

what is fixed ratio

A

when you consistently get a reward for doing a certain number of tasks

42
Q

what is fixed interval

A

when you consistently get a reward for doing a task for a certain time

43
Q

what is variable ratio

A

when you may or may not receive a reward for completing a certain number of tasks

44
Q

what is variable interval

A

when you may or may not receive a reward for doing a task for a certain period of time

AP psychology (16 decks)

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