Cognition Flashcards
Who gave the 3 box memory model
Other names for it
Atkinson and shiffrin
Information processing model
Multi store memory model
Explain the Information processing model
3 Stages - Sensory, Short term and long term
Explain the sensory stage of the info processing model
Duration
Capacity
How it moves to the next stage
Why is info lost
All sensory information around you.
Fraction of a second
Large capacity since there is so much information
Selective attention - Only when you pay attention to the information, will the memory move to short term.
Info lost because it is not encoded
What are the types of sensory information and their names
Vision - Iconic Auditory - Echoic Tactile - haptic Taste - Gustatory Smell - Olfactory.
What is the cock tail party effect
Demonstrates selective attention
At a party and someone in the distance calls your name. You don’t hear all the other conversations in the background until someone calls your name and has your attention.
Short term memory (multi store memory model)
Another name Duration Capacity How it moves to next How is info lost
Working memory
20 to 30 seconds
Limited - The magic number - 7 +/i 2
Moves to long term memory through rehearsal
Info lost because it is not encoded
What are the 2 types of rehearsal
Repetitive - rote learning
Elaborative - understanding the true meaning
Long term memory (3 box memory model)
Duration
Capacity
Why is info lost
Infinite time
Unlimited store
Info lost due to retrieval failure
What is the magic number (short term memory)
Who gave it
Capacity of the short term memory
7 +/- 2 things can be stored in the stm
George miller
Why does echoic memory last longer than iconic memory in sensory
Sounds travels slower than light and that lingers in the ear for a bit longer.
How to increase the capacity of STM
Using Mnemonics - memory aids that store things more efficiently
What are the types of mnemonics
Chunking
Acronyms
Imagery - form an image
Method of loci - form a mind map/cognitive map of diff items on list in sequence
Keyword technique - using rhyming or relatable terms to remember something.
What are the 3 types of LTM
Procedural
Episodic
Semantic
What are procedural memories
implicit or explicit
Declarative or non declarative
Conscious or unconscious
Memories of skills and how to perform them.
Implicit
Unconscious
Non declarative
eg: muscle memory.
What are episodic memories
Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events.
Explicit
Conscious
Declarative
eg: graduation day, last bday party, etc.
What are semantic memories
General knowledge of the world, facts, meanings, etc.
Explicit
Conscious
Declarative
How do you remember explicit vs implicit memories
Actively try to remember explicit
Automatically and unintentionally remember implicit
How does eidetic memory work
Who studied
Make powerful enduring visual images in their mind
can remember things for long periods of time
Alexander Luria
What is the levels of processing model
Who gave it
explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about
Craik and Lockhart
Types of memories in levels of processing model
Neither short term nor long term
Only shallowly processed or deeply processed.
What are shallowly processed memories
Types of shallowly processes
Another name of it
Only briefly processing the memory, will forget it later.
Structural - memorizing the visual structure of the memory
Acoustic - memorizing the sound of the memory.
aka Maintenance level
What is deep level processing
Aka
Process the information at the semantic (meaning) level
Understand its true meaning
Elaborative rehearsal
Aka: elaborative level processing
What does the working memory model talk about
who gave it
Talks about the short term memory in detail
Baddeley and Hitch
Try to draw a diagram
Central executive:
Phenological loops
Episodic buffer
Visuospatial sketchpads
All connected to central exec
What kind of memory does each part in working memory model store.
Visuospatial sketchpads
aka Inner eye
Hold all visual and spatial information
Phonological loop
Holds all the auditory information
What does the episodic buffer do
Puts visual, spatial and auditory information into 1 memory and transfers to LTM. Creates an ‘episode’ of memory.
What are the 3 steps of memory
Encoding
Storing
Retrieval
What are the 2 types of retrieval
Explain both
Recognitions - A clue is involved. Options are presented to you and you match them with your memory
Recall - completely remember the entire memory without any clue.
What is the serial position effect
Who gave it
The primacy effect + recency effect = serial position effect
refers to how the position of the information (read or heard) affects if its rem’d
Hermann Ebbinghaus
What is the primacy effect
Why does it work?
that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list.
Those items have entered the LTM
What is the recency effect
Why does it work
ability to recall the items at the end of a list
Items are still in your STM
What is the ‘tip of the the tongue phenomenon’
Temporary inability to remember information.
EG: NAMES - you can describe everything about them, name starts with a t, black hair, wears glasses, but you can’t recall their name
What part of the brain is responsible for memories
Hippocampus
What are flashbulb memories
Where are they stored
Important, emotional and sudden memories
Stored in the amygdala.
What are mood congruent memories
another name
More likely to recall an item/event when our mood, state or consciousness matches the mood, state or consciousness we were in when the event happened.
Context dependent memories
eg: more likely to recall happy events when you are happy. Can’t
What are state dependent memories
recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness.
eg: you remember something when you are drowsy/experience something when you are drowsy. Won’t be able to remember when you are fully awake.
What is a false memory
Memories that never happened but you think they did.
What is confabulation manipulation of memories
Distorting memories.
What is a reconstructed memory
report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred
What is framing
Distorting the way of thinking/memory recall by repeatedly asking a few questions.
Who was behind the reconstructed memory
Elizabeth Loftus
What is an engram
Visual and echoic memory traces that reconstruct the memory and could cause gaps.
How is memory stored
is stored as memory traces in diff parts of the brain, may be gaps when you try to recall.
3 reasons why someone may forget and explain
Encoding failure - doesnt register properly
Not enough rehearsals
Interference
What are the 2 types of interference (forgetting) and explain
retroactive - when new information interferes with the recall of old information
eg: Studied for business then studied eco. Can’t recall business definitions and eco keeps interfering with business.
proactive - when old information interferes with the recall of new information.
eg: trying to learn Spanish but learnt french 3 years ago, french vocab will keep interfering with spanish.
What are the 2 types of amnesia
explain both
Why does amnesia happen
Anterograde - can’t form new LTM memories because you can’t encode new events properly’
Retrograde - can’t remember old stuff before an accident.
Amnesia happens because of damage to hippocampus
What are the two components of language
explain both
how many phonemes are there in english
Phonemes - smallest unit of sound
44 phonemes in english
Morphemes - smallest meaningful unit of sound in a word. (remove the prefix and suffix of the word, and it still makes sense independently)
What is syntax (in language)
Refers to the structure of a sentence - where the noun, verb, adverb, etc go.
What are pragmatics (language)
Context of the language
What is prosody (language)
Rhyme and rhythm of the language - includes tone, emphasis on words, etc.
What is semantics (language)
Meaning of the sentence and/or word
What side of the debate did behaviorists believe in for language acquisition (nature or nurture)
What did skinner believe
What did bandura believe
Nurture
Skinner - Learn language by getting continuous rewards for using correct lang.
Bandura - Learn language through observation of the environment, parents, etc.
What is a LASS (language)
full form
explanation
Language Acquisition Support System
Learn language through the support system around you.
What was Noam Chomsky’s theory on language
Nature or nurture
Nature theorist
Believed that humans are born with the ability to acquire a language.
How do we acquire a language (Noam Chomsky’s theory)
by when - explanation
What happens if they dont learn language by that time
we have a LAD - Language Acquisition Device
Critical period - a time period/window within which a child must learn a language
Past the crticial period, language will be impaired.
What are the stages of language acquisition
Age of each
Explanation
Coo-ing
age 1 to 3 months
Random noises
Babbling
4 month old infant onwards
Randomly pronounce phoentics and are trying to experiment with phenomes.
Holophrastic phase
around 1 year old
1 word called a holophrase
Telegraphic speech
around 18 months
Can say 2/3 words that are random words together in no structure.
Start to learn grammar and syntax rules but misapply them. Struggle with tenses
What is overgeneralization or overregularization (language)
misapplication of grammar and syntax rules
What is linguisitc determinism
Who gave it
Benjamin Whorf
The way you think effects the language you use and vice versa.
What are the parts of the brain responsible for language
Where is the part located in the brain
what does it do
Broca’s area - frontal lobe, responsible for speech production and put thoughts into speech.
Wernicke’s area - temporal lobe, speech interpretation
What are the 2 types of phasia
Broca’s aphasia - problems to produce speech
Wernicke’s aphasia - problems to understand
What are the learning disabilities
Dyslexia - reading or comprehension disorder
Dysgraphia - writing disorder
Dyscalculia - problem carrying out basic arithmetic
3 ways to describe thought
explain
Concepts - fixed mental ideas about somethings.
prototypes - most typical example of a particular concept
Images - mental images we create of the outside world.
What is system 1 and system 2 thinking
who gave it
Kahneman
System 1 thinking uses heuristics to make quick assumptions from past experiences and is less reliable
System 2 thinking uses algorithms which is more time consuming but is more reliable.
What is a heuristic
2 types
explanation
A rule that is used to make quick judgements.
Availability heuristic - Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind first.
Representativeness heuristics - Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
What are the errors in heuristics (there are 3)
Hindsight bias - Believe that you knew something all along and jump to conclusions.
belief bias - when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs.
Belief perseverance - refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence
we used to form the belief is contradicted
What is functional fixedness
Can’t see past the use of an object beyond its true form and function and hinders creativity.
What is rigidity
refers to the tendency to fall into established thought patterns
(try to use old solutions for a new problem, prevents from seeing a new solution)
Impediments to problem solving
Overconfidence - overestimate the accuracy of judgements.
Confirmation bias - Only look at information that confirms your belief.
Framing - The way information/problem is presented which can change the way one views the information/problem.
What is creativity
Come up with as many solutions as you can to a problem
2 types of thinking (creativity)|
Explain
Which is more associated with creativity
Convergent - Narrow down solutions
Divergent - Searching for multiple solutions to an ans
More associated with creativity
Stages of getting to a soltuion
Preparation - Intro to the problem
Incubation - Thinks about problem at the back of ur head
Illumination - ‘Aha’ moment where you get an idea
Evaluation - Evaluate the solution - if you have the resources to test it etc.
Verification - test the solution
EVPII
What is the self reference effect
Attach a personal and relevant incident to remember sumn
What are the things that can happen in the holophrastic stage (lang devlp)
Overextension - call everyone a word
eg all women = mama
Under-extension - cant define but like
eg if ‘mama’: thinks that their mom is the only mom.
What are the 2 types of reasoning
Inductive - Drawing general inferences from specific observations.
Deductive - Drawing logical conclusions from general statements.
What is syllogism
Deductive conclusions that have been drawn from two premises
Eg: a=b b=c a=c or All politicians are trustworthy Janet is a politician Janet is trustworthy
What is bottom up processing
Getting small facts and putting them together to draw general conclusions
What is an algorithm
a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method.
Relearning effect
Refers to the ability to quickly learn something that you have already learnt and forgotten
Source amnesia
you can’t recall where you first acquired
information stored in your memory
Long term potentiation
Old neural connections strengthening and forming new neural connections
What is the semantic network theory
This theory states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory.
