Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP psychology > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Who gave the 3 box memory model

Other names for it

A

Atkinson and shiffrin
Information processing model
Multi store memory model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the Information processing model

A

3 Stages - Sensory, Short term and long term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain the sensory stage of the info processing model

Duration
Capacity
How it moves to the next stage
Why is info lost

A

All sensory information around you.

Fraction of a second

Large capacity since there is so much information

Selective attention - Only when you pay attention to the information, will the memory move to short term.

Info lost because it is not encoded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of sensory information and their names

A 
Vision - Iconic
Auditory - Echoic
Tactile - haptic
Taste - Gustatory 
Smell - Olfactory.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the cock tail party effect

A

Demonstrates selective attention

At a party and someone in the distance calls your name. You don’t hear all the other conversations in the background until someone calls your name and has your attention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Short term memory (multi store memory model)

Another name
Duration
Capacity
How it moves to next
How is info lost
A

Working memory

20 to 30 seconds

Limited - The magic number - 7 +/i 2

Moves to long term memory through rehearsal

Info lost because it is not encoded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 types of rehearsal

A

Repetitive - rote learning

Elaborative - understanding the true meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Long term memory (3 box memory model)

Duration
Capacity
Why is info lost

A

Infinite time
Unlimited store

Info lost due to retrieval failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the magic number (short term memory)

Who gave it

A

Capacity of the short term memory

7 +/- 2 things can be stored in the stm

George miller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does echoic memory last longer than iconic memory in sensory

A

Sounds travels slower than light and that lingers in the ear for a bit longer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to increase the capacity of STM

A

Using Mnemonics - memory aids that store things more efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of mnemonics

A

Chunking
Acronyms
Imagery - form an image
Method of loci - form a mind map/cognitive map of diff items on list in sequence
Keyword technique - using rhyming or relatable terms to remember something.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 types of LTM

A

Procedural
Episodic
Semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are procedural memories

implicit or explicit
Declarative or non declarative
Conscious or unconscious

A

Memories of skills and how to perform them.

Implicit
Unconscious
Non declarative

eg: muscle memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are episodic memories

A

Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events.

Explicit
Conscious
Declarative

eg: graduation day, last bday party, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are semantic memories

A

General knowledge of the world, facts, meanings, etc.

Explicit
Conscious
Declarative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do you remember explicit vs implicit memories

A

Actively try to remember explicit

Automatically and unintentionally remember implicit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does eidetic memory work

Who studied

A

Make powerful enduring visual images in their mind

can remember things for long periods of time

Alexander Luria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the levels of processing model

Who gave it

A

explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about

Craik and Lockhart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of memories in levels of processing model

A

Neither short term nor long term

Only shallowly processed or deeply processed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are shallowly processed memories

Types of shallowly processes
Another name of it

A

Only briefly processing the memory, will forget it later.

Structural - memorizing the visual structure of the memory
Acoustic - memorizing the sound of the memory.

aka Maintenance level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is deep level processing

Aka

A

Process the information at the semantic (meaning) level
Understand its true meaning

Elaborative rehearsal

Aka: elaborative level processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the working memory model talk about

who gave it

A

Talks about the short term memory in detail

Baddeley and Hitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Try to draw a diagram

A

Central executive:

Phenological loops
Episodic buffer
Visuospatial sketchpads

All connected to central exec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What kind of memory does each part in working memory model store.

A

Visuospatial sketchpads
aka Inner eye
Hold all visual and spatial information

Phonological loop
Holds all the auditory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the episodic buffer do

A

Puts visual, spatial and auditory information into 1 memory and transfers to LTM. Creates an ‘episode’ of memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 3 steps of memory

A

Encoding
Storing
Retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 2 types of retrieval

Explain both

A

Recognitions - A clue is involved. Options are presented to you and you match them with your memory

Recall - completely remember the entire memory without any clue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the serial position effect

Who gave it

A

The primacy effect + recency effect = serial position effect

refers to how the position of the information (read or heard) affects if its rem’d

Hermann Ebbinghaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the primacy effect

Why does it work?

A

that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list.

Those items have entered the LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the recency effect

Why does it work

A

ability to recall the items at the end of a list

Items are still in your STM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the ‘tip of the the tongue phenomenon’

A

Temporary inability to remember information.

EG: NAMES - you can describe everything about them, name starts with a t, black hair, wears glasses, but you can’t recall their name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for memories

A

Hippocampus

34
Q

What are flashbulb memories

Where are they stored

A

Important, emotional and sudden memories

Stored in the amygdala.

35
Q

What are mood congruent memories

another name

A

More likely to recall an item/event when our mood, state or consciousness matches the mood, state or consciousness we were in when the event happened.

Context dependent memories

eg: more likely to recall happy events when you are happy. Can’t

36
Q

What are state dependent memories

A

recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness.

eg: you remember something when you are drowsy/experience something when you are drowsy. Won’t be able to remember when you are fully awake.

37
Q

What is a false memory

A

Memories that never happened but you think they did.

38
Q

What is confabulation manipulation of memories

A

Distorting memories.

39
Q

What is a reconstructed memory

A

report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred

40
Q

What is framing

A

Distorting the way of thinking/memory recall by repeatedly asking a few questions.

41
Q

Who was behind the reconstructed memory

A

Elizabeth Loftus

42
Q

What is an engram

A

Visual and echoic memory traces that reconstruct the memory and could cause gaps.

43
Q

How is memory stored

A

is stored as memory traces in diff parts of the brain, may be gaps when you try to recall.

44
Q

3 reasons why someone may forget and explain

A

Encoding failure - doesnt register properly
Not enough rehearsals
Interference

45
Q

What are the 2 types of interference (forgetting) and explain

A

retroactive - when new information interferes with the recall of old information

eg: Studied for business then studied eco. Can’t recall business definitions and eco keeps interfering with business.

proactive - when old information interferes with the recall of new information.

eg: trying to learn Spanish but learnt french 3 years ago, french vocab will keep interfering with spanish.

46
Q

What are the 2 types of amnesia
explain both

Why does amnesia happen

A

Anterograde - can’t form new LTM memories because you can’t encode new events properly’

Retrograde - can’t remember old stuff before an accident.

Amnesia happens because of damage to hippocampus

47
Q

What are the two components of language
explain both
how many phonemes are there in english

A

Phonemes - smallest unit of sound
44 phonemes in english

Morphemes - smallest meaningful unit of sound in a word. (remove the prefix and suffix of the word, and it still makes sense independently)

48
Q

What is syntax (in language)

A

Refers to the structure of a sentence - where the noun, verb, adverb, etc go.

49
Q

What are pragmatics (language)

A

Context of the language

50
Q

What is prosody (language)

A

Rhyme and rhythm of the language - includes tone, emphasis on words, etc.

51
Q

What is semantics (language)

A

Meaning of the sentence and/or word

52
Q

What side of the debate did behaviorists believe in for language acquisition (nature or nurture)

What did skinner believe
What did bandura believe

A

Nurture

Skinner - Learn language by getting continuous rewards for using correct lang.

Bandura - Learn language through observation of the environment, parents, etc.

53
Q

What is a LASS (language)
full form
explanation

A

Language Acquisition Support System

Learn language through the support system around you.

54
Q

What was Noam Chomsky’s theory on language

Nature or nurture

A

Nature theorist

Believed that humans are born with the ability to acquire a language.

55
Q

How do we acquire a language (Noam Chomsky’s theory)

by when - explanation
What happens if they dont learn language by that time

A

we have a LAD - Language Acquisition Device

Critical period - a time period/window within which a child must learn a language

Past the crticial period, language will be impaired.

56
Q

What are the stages of language acquisition
Age of each
Explanation

A

Coo-ing
age 1 to 3 months
Random noises

Babbling
4 month old infant onwards
Randomly pronounce phoentics and are trying to experiment with phenomes.

Holophrastic phase
around 1 year old
1 word called a holophrase

Telegraphic speech
around 18 months
Can say 2/3 words that are random words together in no structure.
Start to learn grammar and syntax rules but misapply them. Struggle with tenses

57
Q

What is overgeneralization or overregularization (language)

A

misapplication of grammar and syntax rules

58
Q

What is linguisitc determinism

Who gave it

A

Benjamin Whorf

The way you think effects the language you use and vice versa.

59
Q

What are the parts of the brain responsible for language

Where is the part located in the brain
what does it do

A

Broca’s area - frontal lobe, responsible for speech production and put thoughts into speech.

Wernicke’s area - temporal lobe, speech interpretation

60
Q

What are the 2 types of phasia

A

Broca’s aphasia - problems to produce speech

Wernicke’s aphasia - problems to understand

61
Q

What are the learning disabilities

A

Dyslexia - reading or comprehension disorder
Dysgraphia - writing disorder
Dyscalculia - problem carrying out basic arithmetic

62
Q

3 ways to describe thought

explain

A

Concepts - fixed mental ideas about somethings.
prototypes - most typical example of a particular concept
Images - mental images we create of the outside world.

63
Q

What is system 1 and system 2 thinking

who gave it

A

Kahneman

System 1 thinking uses heuristics to make quick assumptions from past experiences and is less reliable

System 2 thinking uses algorithms which is more time consuming but is more reliable.

64
Q

What is a heuristic

2 types
explanation

A

A rule that is used to make quick judgements.

Availability heuristic - Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind first.

Representativeness heuristics - Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind

65
Q

What are the errors in heuristics (there are 3)

A

Hindsight bias - Believe that you knew something all along and jump to conclusions.

belief bias - when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs.

Belief perseverance - refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence
we used to form the belief is contradicted

66
Q

What is functional fixedness

A

Can’t see past the use of an object beyond its true form and function and hinders creativity.

67
Q

What is rigidity

A

refers to the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

(try to use old solutions for a new problem, prevents from seeing a new solution)

68
Q

Impediments to problem solving

A

Overconfidence - overestimate the accuracy of judgements.

Confirmation bias - Only look at information that confirms your belief.

Framing - The way information/problem is presented which can change the way one views the information/problem.

69
Q

What is creativity

A

Come up with as many solutions as you can to a problem

70
Q

2 types of thinking (creativity)|
Explain
Which is more associated with creativity

A

Convergent - Narrow down solutions

Divergent - Searching for multiple solutions to an ans
More associated with creativity

71
Q

Stages of getting to a soltuion

A

Preparation - Intro to the problem
Incubation - Thinks about problem at the back of ur head
Illumination - ‘Aha’ moment where you get an idea
Evaluation - Evaluate the solution - if you have the resources to test it etc.
Verification - test the solution

EVPII

72
Q

What is the self reference effect

A

Attach a personal and relevant incident to remember sumn

73
Q

What are the things that can happen in the holophrastic stage (lang devlp)

A

Overextension - call everyone a word
eg all women = mama

Under-extension - cant define but like
eg if ‘mama’: thinks that their mom is the only mom.

74
Q

What are the 2 types of reasoning

A

Inductive - Drawing general inferences from specific observations.
Deductive - Drawing logical conclusions from general statements.

75
Q

What is syllogism

A

Deductive conclusions that have been drawn from two premises

Eg:
a=b
b=c 
a=c
or 
All politicians are trustworthy
Janet is a politician
Janet is trustworthy
76
Q

What is bottom up processing

A

Getting small facts and putting them together to draw general conclusions

77
Q

What is an algorithm

A

a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method.

78
Q

Relearning effect

A

Refers to the ability to quickly learn something that you have already learnt and forgotten

79
Q

Source amnesia

A

you can’t recall where you first acquired

information stored in your memory

80
Q

Long term potentiation

A

Old neural connections strengthening and forming new neural connections

81
Q

What is the semantic network theory

A

This theory states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory.

AP psychology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions