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AP psychology > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Who gave the 3 box memory model

Other names for it

A

Atkinson and shiffrin
Information processing model
Multi store memory model

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2
Q

Explain the Information processing model

A

3 Stages - Sensory, Short term and long term

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3
Q

Explain the sensory stage of the info processing model

Duration
Capacity
How it moves to the next stage
Why is info lost

A

All sensory information around you.

Fraction of a second

Large capacity since there is so much information

Selective attention - Only when you pay attention to the information, will the memory move to short term.

Info lost because it is not encoded

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4
Q

What are the types of sensory information and their names

A 
Vision - Iconic
Auditory - Echoic
Tactile - haptic
Taste - Gustatory 
Smell - Olfactory.
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5
Q

What is the cock tail party effect

A

Demonstrates selective attention

At a party and someone in the distance calls your name. You don’t hear all the other conversations in the background until someone calls your name and has your attention.

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6
Q

Short term memory (multi store memory model)

Another name
Duration
Capacity
How it moves to next
How is info lost
A

Working memory

20 to 30 seconds

Limited - The magic number - 7 +/i 2

Moves to long term memory through rehearsal

Info lost because it is not encoded

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of rehearsal

A

Repetitive - rote learning

Elaborative - understanding the true meaning

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8
Q

Long term memory (3 box memory model)

Duration
Capacity
Why is info lost

A

Infinite time
Unlimited store

Info lost due to retrieval failure

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9
Q

What is the magic number (short term memory)

Who gave it

A

Capacity of the short term memory

7 +/- 2 things can be stored in the stm

George miller

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10
Q

Why does echoic memory last longer than iconic memory in sensory

A

Sounds travels slower than light and that lingers in the ear for a bit longer.

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11
Q

How to increase the capacity of STM

A

Using Mnemonics - memory aids that store things more efficiently

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12
Q

What are the types of mnemonics

A

Chunking
Acronyms
Imagery - form an image
Method of loci - form a mind map/cognitive map of diff items on list in sequence
Keyword technique - using rhyming or relatable terms to remember something.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of LTM

A

Procedural
Episodic
Semantic

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14
Q

What are procedural memories

implicit or explicit
Declarative or non declarative
Conscious or unconscious

A

Memories of skills and how to perform them.

Implicit
Unconscious
Non declarative

eg: muscle memory.

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15
Q

What are episodic memories

A

Memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events.

Explicit
Conscious
Declarative

eg: graduation day, last bday party, etc.

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16
Q

What are semantic memories

A

General knowledge of the world, facts, meanings, etc.

Explicit
Conscious
Declarative

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17
Q

How do you remember explicit vs implicit memories

A

Actively try to remember explicit

Automatically and unintentionally remember implicit

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18
Q

How does eidetic memory work

Who studied

A

Make powerful enduring visual images in their mind

can remember things for long periods of time

Alexander Luria

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19
Q

What is the levels of processing model

Who gave it

A

explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about

Craik and Lockhart

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20
Q

Types of memories in levels of processing model

A

Neither short term nor long term

Only shallowly processed or deeply processed.

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21
Q

What are shallowly processed memories

Types of shallowly processes
Another name of it

A

Only briefly processing the memory, will forget it later.

Structural - memorizing the visual structure of the memory
Acoustic - memorizing the sound of the memory.

aka Maintenance level

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22
Q

What is deep level processing

Aka

A

Process the information at the semantic (meaning) level
Understand its true meaning

Elaborative rehearsal

Aka: elaborative level processing

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23
Q

What does the working memory model talk about

who gave it

A

Talks about the short term memory in detail

Baddeley and Hitch

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24
Q

Try to draw a diagram

A

Central executive:

Phenological loops
Episodic buffer
Visuospatial sketchpads

All connected to central exec

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25
What kind of memory does each part in working memory model store.
Visuospatial sketchpads aka Inner eye Hold all visual and spatial information Phonological loop Holds all the auditory information
26
What does the episodic buffer do
Puts visual, spatial and auditory information into 1 memory and transfers to LTM. Creates an 'episode' of memory.
27
What are the 3 steps of memory
Encoding Storing Retrieval
28
What are the 2 types of retrieval | Explain both
Recognitions - A clue is involved. Options are presented to you and you match them with your memory Recall - completely remember the entire memory without any clue.
29
What is the serial position effect | Who gave it
The primacy effect + recency effect = serial position effect refers to how the position of the information (read or heard) affects if its rem'd Hermann Ebbinghaus
30
What is the primacy effect | Why does it work?
that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list. Those items have entered the LTM
31
What is the recency effect | Why does it work
ability to recall the items at the end of a list | Items are still in your STM
32
What is the 'tip of the the tongue phenomenon'
Temporary inability to remember information. EG: NAMES - you can describe everything about them, name starts with a t, black hair, wears glasses, but you can't recall their name
33
What part of the brain is responsible for memories
Hippocampus
34
What are flashbulb memories | Where are they stored
Important, emotional and sudden memories | Stored in the amygdala.
35
What are mood congruent memories another name
More likely to recall an item/event when our mood, state or consciousness matches the mood, state or consciousness we were in when the event happened. Context dependent memories eg: more likely to recall happy events when you are happy. Can't
36
What are state dependent memories
recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness. eg: you remember something when you are drowsy/experience something when you are drowsy. Won't be able to remember when you are fully awake.
37
What is a false memory
Memories that never happened but you think they did.
38
What is confabulation manipulation of memories
Distorting memories.
39
What is a reconstructed memory
report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occurred
40
What is framing
Distorting the way of thinking/memory recall by repeatedly asking a few questions.
41
Who was behind the reconstructed memory
Elizabeth Loftus
42
What is an engram
Visual and echoic memory traces that reconstruct the memory and could cause gaps.
43
How is memory stored
is stored as memory traces in diff parts of the brain, may be gaps when you try to recall.
44
3 reasons why someone may forget and explain
Encoding failure - doesnt register properly Not enough rehearsals Interference
45
What are the 2 types of interference (forgetting) and explain
retroactive - when new information interferes with the recall of old information eg: Studied for business then studied eco. Can't recall business definitions and eco keeps interfering with business. proactive - when old information interferes with the recall of new information. eg: trying to learn Spanish but learnt french 3 years ago, french vocab will keep interfering with spanish.
46
What are the 2 types of amnesia explain both Why does amnesia happen
Anterograde - can't form new LTM memories because you can't encode new events properly' Retrograde - can't remember old stuff before an accident. Amnesia happens because of damage to hippocampus
47
What are the two components of language explain both how many phonemes are there in english
Phonemes - smallest unit of sound 44 phonemes in english Morphemes - smallest meaningful unit of sound in a word. (remove the prefix and suffix of the word, and it still makes sense independently)
48
What is syntax (in language)
Refers to the structure of a sentence - where the noun, verb, adverb, etc go.
49
What are pragmatics (language)
Context of the language
50
What is prosody (language)
Rhyme and rhythm of the language - includes tone, emphasis on words, etc.
51
What is semantics (language)
Meaning of the sentence and/or word
52
What side of the debate did behaviorists believe in for language acquisition (nature or nurture) What did skinner believe What did bandura believe
Nurture Skinner - Learn language by getting continuous rewards for using correct lang. Bandura - Learn language through observation of the environment, parents, etc.
53
What is a LASS (language) full form explanation
Language Acquisition Support System Learn language through the support system around you.
54
What was Noam Chomsky's theory on language Nature or nurture
Nature theorist Believed that humans are born with the ability to acquire a language.
55
How do we acquire a language (Noam Chomsky's theory) by when - explanation What happens if they dont learn language by that time
we have a LAD - Language Acquisition Device Critical period - a time period/window within which a child must learn a language Past the crticial period, language will be impaired.
56
What are the stages of language acquisition Age of each Explanation
Coo-ing age 1 to 3 months Random noises Babbling 4 month old infant onwards Randomly pronounce phoentics and are trying to experiment with phenomes. Holophrastic phase around 1 year old 1 word called a holophrase Telegraphic speech around 18 months Can say 2/3 words that are random words together in no structure. Start to learn grammar and syntax rules but misapply them. Struggle with tenses
57
What is overgeneralization or overregularization (language)
misapplication of grammar and syntax rules
58
What is linguisitc determinism | Who gave it
Benjamin Whorf | The way you think effects the language you use and vice versa.
59
What are the parts of the brain responsible for language Where is the part located in the brain what does it do
Broca's area - frontal lobe, responsible for speech production and put thoughts into speech. Wernicke's area - temporal lobe, speech interpretation
60
What are the 2 types of phasia
Broca's aphasia - problems to produce speech | Wernicke's aphasia - problems to understand
61
What are the learning disabilities
Dyslexia - reading or comprehension disorder Dysgraphia - writing disorder Dyscalculia - problem carrying out basic arithmetic
62
3 ways to describe thought | explain
Concepts - fixed mental ideas about somethings. prototypes - most typical example of a particular concept Images - mental images we create of the outside world.
63
What is system 1 and system 2 thinking | who gave it
Kahneman System 1 thinking uses heuristics to make quick assumptions from past experiences and is less reliable System 2 thinking uses algorithms which is more time consuming but is more reliable.
64
What is a heuristic 2 types explanation
A rule that is used to make quick judgements. Availability heuristic - Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind first. Representativeness heuristics - Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
65
What are the errors in heuristics (there are 3)
Hindsight bias - Believe that you knew something all along and jump to conclusions. belief bias - when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs. Belief perseverance - refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted
66
What is functional fixedness
Can't see past the use of an object beyond its true form and function and hinders creativity.
67
What is rigidity
refers to the tendency to fall into established thought patterns (try to use old solutions for a new problem, prevents from seeing a new solution)
68
Impediments to problem solving
Overconfidence - overestimate the accuracy of judgements. Confirmation bias - Only look at information that confirms your belief. Framing - The way information/problem is presented which can change the way one views the information/problem.
69
What is creativity
Come up with as many solutions as you can to a problem
70
2 types of thinking (creativity)| Explain Which is more associated with creativity
Convergent - Narrow down solutions Divergent - Searching for multiple solutions to an ans More associated with creativity
71
Stages of getting to a soltuion
Preparation - Intro to the problem Incubation - Thinks about problem at the back of ur head Illumination - 'Aha' moment where you get an idea Evaluation - Evaluate the solution - if you have the resources to test it etc. Verification - test the solution EVPII
72
What is the self reference effect
Attach a personal and relevant incident to remember sumn
73
What are the things that can happen in the holophrastic stage (lang devlp)
Overextension - call everyone a word eg all women = mama Under-extension - cant define but like eg if 'mama': thinks that their mom is the only mom.
74
What are the 2 types of reasoning
Inductive - Drawing general inferences from specific observations. Deductive - Drawing logical conclusions from general statements.
75
What is syllogism
Deductive conclusions that have been drawn from two premises ``` Eg: a=b b=c a=c or All politicians are trustworthy Janet is a politician Janet is trustworthy ```
76
What is bottom up processing
Getting small facts and putting them together to draw general conclusions
77
What is an algorithm
a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method.
78
Relearning effect
Refers to the ability to quickly learn something that you have already learnt and forgotten
79
Source amnesia
you can’t recall where you first acquired | information stored in your memory
80
Long term potentiation
Old neural connections strengthening and forming new neural connections
81
What is the semantic network theory
This theory states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory.

AP psychology (16 decks)

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