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Biology > transport in plants > Flashcards

transport in plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dicotyledonous plants

A

produce 2 seed leaves

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2
Q

why do plants need water

A

photosynthesis , turgidity, transport median

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3
Q

how do plants transport up stem

A

xylem, transpiration stream (cohension)

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4
Q

what substances do plants need

A

co2, mineral ions, nitrates, phospate, pottasium ions sulfate ions

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5
Q

metabolic demand on transport systems

A

high so multicellular

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6
Q

size on transport system

A

small so multicellular

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7
Q

SA:V ratio on transport systems

A

small overcome by leaves and root hair cells

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8
Q

why do plants need transport systems

A

not enough SA:V to take in what need, so specialised system to transport water and nutrient to cells

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9
Q

what materials are exchanged and transported

A

carbon dioxide, o2, water, organic nutrient , inorganic ions

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10
Q

which system in passive

A

transpiration

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11
Q

which system moves molecules both ways

A

translocation

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12
Q

What is the vascular bundle made up of

A

Xylem and phloem tissue

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13
Q

What does the vascular bundle in toots provide

A

A drill like structure which enables the plant to push down into root

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14
Q

Which tissue is in the middle of vascular bundle in roots

A

Xylem as strongest (ligin) X structure

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15
Q

Where is xylem in vascular bundle in leaf

A

Top of phloem (only in dicotyledonous plants)

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16
Q

Where is xylem in stem vascular bundle

A

On the inside to provide additional support to stem

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17
Q

What does the cambium contain

A

Meristem cells

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18
Q

If w.p in cell what happens

A

Water moves in by osmosis ( down w.p gradient)

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19
Q

What is a plasmolysed cell

A

Plasma membrane pulled away from cell wall shrinking cell

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20
Q

When do cells become plasmolysed

A

In low external water potential

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21
Q

Why does osmosis occur in root hair cells

A

Higher concentration of solutes in the plant than in soil

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22
Q

Where do all water movement pathways led to

A

Xylem

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23
Q

Symplast pathway

A

Movement of water through living spaces in cytoplasm changing cells between plasmodesmata. Water draw up plant as each on has lower w.p

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24
Q

Whats a plasmodesmata

A

Connection between two cells

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25
Q

Vacuolar pathway

A

Water moves through vacuole of each cell ( as well as cytoplasm)

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26
Q

With water pathway is the slowest

A

Vacuolar

27
Q

Apoplast pathway

A

Through cell wall and intracellular spaces cohesion and tension forces pull water up plant

28
Q

Which is the quickest movement of water

A

Apoplast pathway

29
Q

what is the casparian strip

A

impermeable layre of Suberin, which forces the apoplast pathway into symplast pathway

30
Q

where is the casparian strip located

A

before the entrance of the xylem

31
Q

what are the 3 processes which pull water up the xylem

A

root pressure, transpiration pull, capillary action

32
Q

what is transpiration pull

A

cohesion tension theory

33
Q

how does cyanide provide evidence for active transport in root pressure

A

it stops mitrochondria from working so root pressure decreases

34
Q

how does affect of tempeture provide evidence for active transport in root pressure

A

root pressure increases as temp increases , suggesting enzyme controlled reaction

35
Q

how does reactant availability provide evidence for active transport in root pressure

A

if oxygen levels decrease or respiratory substrate levels drop root pressure decreases

36
Q

how does guttation provide evidence for active transport in root pressure

A

sap and water will move out from cut stems suggesting they are actively pumped out not drawn up by transpiration

37
Q

what is transpiration

A

the movement and inevitable loss of water from plants

38
Q

what pulls water up the plant
- cohesion tension theory

A

water evaporated from leaves decreases w.p in air space in mesophyll. water then moves into this space from adjancance cells. water moves out of xylem into cells in leaves. cohesion in water less to capillary action.

39
Q

evidence for cohesion tension theory - changes in tree diameter

A

high transpiration rates during the day diameter decreases due to tension. at night diameter increases due to low transpiration rates

40
Q

evidence for cohesion tension theory - cut flowers

A

they draw in air rather than leaking water out as water contiues to move up stem

41
Q

evidence for cohesion tension theory - broken xylems

A

broken / cut xylems stop drawing up water as air draw in blocks transpiration stream

42
Q

root pressure

A

the active pumping of minerals into xylem by root cells that produces a movement of water in xylems by osmosis

43
Q

why does the stomata open

A

water moves into the vacuoles by osmosis the outer wall is more flexible so cells bends back opening stomata

44
Q

why does the stomata close

A

water moves out of vacuoles by osmosis outer wall is more flexible than inner wall so cell bends back and closes stomata

45
Q

abiotic factors effecting transpiration rates (4)

A

light intensity, relative humidity. tempeture, air movement

46
Q

biotic factors effecting transpiration rates

A

stomata: pore size, frequency, distribution.
cuticle, ability to absorb water

47
Q

what does a potometer measure

A

transpiration by measureing uptake of plant

48
Q

what is translocation

A

transporting organic compounds in pholem from source to sink

49
Q

what are assimilates

A

products of photosynthesis which are transported

50
Q

what are sources

A

provide assimulates to the plant for reactions or storage of transport

51
Q

examples of sources

A

green leaves and stems
storage organs (e,g. tuber and root taps)
food stores in seeds

52
Q

what are sinks

A

use assimilates from the plant in various processes

53
Q

examples of sinks

A

growing roots, active processes in roots and stem, meristem cell activity,

54
Q

what is pholem loading

A

assimulates are moved into pholem by active processes. two routes: - symplast, apoplast

55
Q

what is the symplast route

A

assimilates are moved through the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells into sieve tubes across plasmodesmata, they are moved due to changes in water potential

56
Q

what is the apoplast pathway

A

assimilates diffuse through cell wall and intermembrane spaces. when they reach companion cells they are actively transported across membrane into sieve cells. hydrogen ions act as cotransporters.

57
Q

evidence for translocation - microscopes

A

advances in microscopes have allowed to see adaptations of companion cells for active transport

58
Q

evidence for translocation - mitrochondria

A

if mitrochondria of companion cells are poisoned then translocation stops

59
Q

evidence for translocation - sugar flow

A

the flow of sugars in pholem is about 1000x quicker than diffision alone suggesting its an active process

60
Q

what is a xerophyte

A

A xerophyte is a plant which has adapted to survive in an environment with little liquid water

61
Q

What is a hydrophyte

A

A plant which grows only on or in water

62
Q

adapations of xerophyte

A

thick waxy cuticle,
Hairy leaves – create micro climate of warm humid air, reducing water vapor potential gradient
leaf loss- some plants lose leaves if water not available

63
Q

adaptaions of hydrophytes

A

no waxy cuticle – as they do not need to conserve water
Wide, flat leaves - spread across surfaces to allow more like to be caught
Air sacs – allow leaves to float to surface

64
Q

what is phloem unloading

A

sucrose unloaded from pholem at any point which needs it, the loss of solutes increases w.p of pholem

Biology (14 decks)

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