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Biology > Dna🥓 > Flashcards

Dna🥓 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate, pentose sugar (connected with ester bond) nitrogenous base (connected with ester bond)

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2
Q

DNA vs RNA strandes

A

dna is 2, rna is 1

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3
Q

DNA vs RNA sugar

A

dna is dioxyrobose, rna is ribose

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4
Q

DNA vs RNA bases

A

dna is A T G C , rna is A U C G

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5
Q

DNA vs RNA subunits

A

dna is dna nucleotide, rna is rna nucleotide

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6
Q

which (rna / dna) can leave nucleus

A

rna

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7
Q

what is dna

A

more stable double strand that stores genetic blueprint for cells

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8
Q

what id rna

A

single stranded that transfers the genetic information for decoding

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9
Q

pyrimidines

A

1 nitrogen containing ring - cytosine, thymine, uracil

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10
Q

purines

A

2 nitrogen containing rings - guanine, adenine

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11
Q

polynucleotide formation

A

condensation reaction between 5 phosphate, and 3 hydroxyl group n the sugar of another that join two togheter - phosphodiester linkage is formed

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12
Q

how is double helix formed

A

two anti parrel chains of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs

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13
Q

complementary base pairs

A

purine always with pyramide

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14
Q

role of rna molecules

A

transfer the genetic information from dna to the proteins that make up the enzymes and tissue of body

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15
Q

what happens to rna when finished with

A

degraded in cytoplasm

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16
Q

semi conservative dna replication

A

the two strands of dna double helix separates and each strand acts as a template for the creation of a new double stranded dna molecule

17
Q

helicase

A

enzyme - which separates (unzips and unwinds) strands breaking the hydrogen bonds each strand can act as a template

18
Q

primer

A

marks position where dna replication is starting

19
Q

DNA polymerase

A

joins dna nucleotides togheter from 5 to 3 end only

20
Q

leading strand

A

made continuously because nucleotides can be added one by one from 5 to 3

21
Q

lagging strand

A

cannot be made continuously because of 3 to 5 direction, so made in fragments

22
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins strands togheter (forms h bonds) and two double stranded molecules formed

23
Q

what is mutation

A

replication errors that occur randomly and spontaneously

24
Q

dna extraction - washing up liquid

A

breaks open cell and nuclear membrane

25
Q

dna extraction - salt

A

dna negatively charged so arrtactes positive sodium ions, which neutralises dna so it can stick togheter

26
Q

how atp releases energy

A

weak bond in last phosphate, so broken easily and it releases large amounts of energy

27
Q

what is transcription

A

process of coping dna base sequence to produce smaller molecules of mRNA which can be transported out of nucleus

28
Q

what is translation

A

complementary code carried by mRNA is decoded by tRNA into sequence of amino acids, occurred at ribosome

29
Q

what is tRNA

A

amino acids become attached to tRNA, each has sequences of 3 bases called anticodon which are complimentary to codons on mRNA molecules.

30
Q

sense strand

A

runs from 5 to 3, coding strand

31
Q

antisense strand

A

runs from 3 to 5 does not code for proteins as complimentary so template strand

32
Q

transcription process

A

RNA polymerase separates dna into 2 strands, one strand is used as template by rna (antisense strand). free nucleotides line up by complimentary base pairing, joined by phospodiester bonds made by rna polymerase forming single stranded mRNA.

33
Q

what happens after mRNA is formed

A

it moves out of nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome

34
Q

translation process

A

mRNA attaches to ribosomes, tRNA collects amino acids from cytoplasm are carries to ribosomes. tRNA attaches itself to mRNA by complemenary base pairing. the amino acids attached to tRNA join by peptide bond and tRNA detach themselves. process repeated leading to formation of polypeptide chain intill stop codon on mRNA

Biology (14 decks)

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