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Biology > transport in animals 🛵 > Flashcards

transport in animals 🛵 Flashcards

1
Q

why are transport systems needed in multicellular organisms

A

higher metabolic demand, SA:V ratio insufficient as organism increases in size, transporting molecules made in one region required elsewhere

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2
Q

what makes up a a mass transport system

A

a pump, a circulatory medium and vessel the carry the medium

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3
Q

what does an open circulatory system consist of

A

a heart which pumps haemolymph through short vessels and freely into hemocoel, very few vessels

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4
Q

ostium

A

a small opening or orifice

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5
Q

hemolymph

A

a circulating fluid in the bodies of some invertebrates that is the equivalent of blood

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6
Q

hemocoel

A

the system of cavities between the organs of arthropods and molluscs through which the blood circulates

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7
Q

what is carried in haemolymph

A

food and nitrogenous waste

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8
Q

what is not carried in haemolymph

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide as gas exchange occurs in tracheal system

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9
Q

what can take place in arthropods and why

A

diffusion, as fluid comes into direct contact with cells bathing them allowing diffusion to occur before returning the heart

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10
Q

what happened when heart relaxes in arthropods

A

haemolymph is sucked back in via pores called Ostium

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11
Q

what are the components of a closed circulatory system

A

blood enclosed in vessels no direct contact to cells, blood pumped by heart under pressure into vessels

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12
Q

how do substances diffuse get to cells

A

through walls of blood vessels

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13
Q

how is blood flow in vessels adjusted

A

widening or narrowing of vessels

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14
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

one circuit from heart, heart has 2 chambers, passes through 2 sets od capillary’s

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of capillary in single system

A

gill capillaries, systemic capillaries

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16
Q

why is low pressure need in single system

A

capillaries would be damaged

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17
Q

why is activity levels of of single system organisms low with the exception of fish why

A

water supports weight, counter current system

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18
Q

fish circulatory system components

A

single circuit for blood,2 chambered heart (1 A, 1 V)

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19
Q

what is gill circulation

A

atrium collects blood from body, ventricle pumps blood to gills for gas exchange, so blood reoxygenated

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20
Q

what is systematic circulation

A

blood continues through rest of body (from gills) then arrives back at atrium

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21
Q

features of double circulatory system

A

2 circuits - pulmonary (lungs to heart) and systemic (rest of body and organs)

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22
Q

benefits of double closed circulatory system

A

keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate (steeper diffusion gradient), have different pressures

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23
Q

components of amphibian circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart, 2 atria 1 ventricle, double circulatory

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24
Q

what happens to blood in amphibian heart

A

some mixing of blood in ventricle reducing efficiency of oxygenated

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25
Q

heart of mammals and bird

A

4 chambers oxgenated and deoxygenated blood seperating impoving effenciency

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26
Q

advantages of single CS

A

less complex

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27
Q

advantages of double CS

A

carry blood at different pressures

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28
Q

disadvantages of single CS

A

low blood pressure, activity of animal tends to be low

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29
Q

disadvantages of double CS

A

complexity of develpment

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30
Q

elastic fibers role in blood vessels

A

strech and recoil, made of elastin, provides flexability

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31
Q

smooth muscle role in blood vessels

A

contract and relax, changes size of lumen

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32
Q

collagen role in blood vessel

A

structural support, maintains shape and volume

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33
Q

role of narrow lumen in arteries

A

less space, smaller volume so high pressure

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34
Q

role of thick wall in arteries

A

outer wall containing collagen, to withstand high pressure, preventing artery from ruptering

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35
Q

role of inner layre (whats its made of?)

A

muscle and elastic fibers, it maintains pulse flow (contract, relax, streach and recoil) controlling diameter

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36
Q

how does a arteriole differ from artery

A

they have little pulse surges, but can constrict and dilute to move blood flow

37
Q

role of narrow diameter in capillaries

A

reduces blood flow to allow time for gas exchange

38
Q

role of thin walls in capillaries

A

ensures maximum rate of transfer between blood and surrounding tissue fluid (short diffusion pathways)

39
Q

role of leaky walls in capillaries

A

allows plasma and dissolved substances to leave the blood

40
Q

role of wide lumen in veins

A

increases flow of blood, more effective return

41
Q

role of a thin wall (and what it contains)

A

less muscle and elastic fibres, lots of collagen, to carry blood at a very low pressure

42
Q

role of values in veins

A

prevent backflow and pooling at lower extremities

43
Q

how do venues differ from veins

A

they have no elastic fibres or smooth muscle and several venues will slit from one vein

44
Q

why/when can blood flow be difficult in veins

A

low pressure when blood moving again gravity

45
Q

what helps vein circulation

A

values to stop back flow, and muscle contractions which squeeze vein causing blood to flow (periodic contractions)

46
Q

what aids moment of blood (chest)

A

breathing

47
Q

varicose values

A

when vein wall becomes weakened, values no longer close properly, allowing back flow , so vein becomes inlarged

48
Q

plasma and what it contains

A

transport medium
carry large plasma proteins containing albumin which helps maintain osmotic potential, fibrinogen (blood clotting), globulin (transport and immune system)

49
Q

red blood cells (erythrocytes )

A

transporting oxygen as bound to haemoglobin

50
Q

Buffy coat

A

contains white blood cells and platelets

51
Q

interstitial fluid (what/formed)

A

fluid in spaces around cells, formed from substances which leak out of capillaries via fenestrations

52
Q

what does interstitial fluid help with

A

brings oxygen and nutrient to cells and helps to remove waste products from them

53
Q

why is left side of heart thicker than right

A

has to pump blood round whole body, so requires more force to pump blood to all extremities

54
Q

pericardium (what)

A

inelastic double walled sac containing the heart

55
Q

role of pericardium

A

shields heart and protects from infection, creates closed chamber prevents from over distending

56
Q

what does myogenic mean

A

has own innate beat, so brain doesn’t need to tell cardiac muscle cells to beat

57
Q

what does cardiac muscle have more of

A

mitochondria, as more reliant on aerobic respiration

58
Q

why is it important that heart muscle doesn’t become fatigued

A

to allow for long continuous life long contractions

59
Q

what stops valves inverting

A

chordea tendineas which are attached to the heart strings

60
Q

what causes values to close

A

increases in pressure

61
Q

systole

A

contract

62
Q

diastole

A

relax

63
Q

SAN

A

send out wave of electrical activity via gap junctions, atrial wall contracts (atrial systole) blood forced into ventricle

64
Q

AVN

A

avn triggered by signals from san, signals send down bundle of his which triggers purkyre fibres in ventricle walls they contract forcing blood into arteries

65
Q

why is there delay at AVN

A

to let atria empty

66
Q

what/ why is refractory period

A

allows heart passively refill with blood between beats

67
Q

what is a p wave

A

depolarisation of the atria in response to signalling from the san (atrial contraction)

68
Q

qrs complex

A

depolarisation of the ventricles (ventricle contracts) triggered by signals from avn

69
Q

t wave

A

replication of the ventricles (ventricle relaxation) and the completion of a heart beat

70
Q

effect of plasma proteins on solute potential

A

give blood a high solute potential lowering w.p compared to surrounding fluid, so water has to move into blood

71
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

atrial blood at high pressure creating hydrostatic pressure, which is greater than oncontic pressure, tissue fluid forms as capillary walls leaky due to pores letting plasma in, red blood cells to big to pass through

72
Q

tissue fluid drainage

A

at venous end of capillary hydrostatic pressure lower compared to oncontic pressure, fluid returns to capillaries via pores, remaining fluid enter lymph vessels and returned to circulatory system

73
Q

does tissue fluid have plasma protein

A

no

74
Q

what is lymphatic system

A

secondary transport system that protects and maintains body by producing and filtering lymph

75
Q

where does lymph come from

A

when tissue fluid does not return to capillaries

76
Q

what is lymph

A

clear fluid containing white blood cells

77
Q

how is lymph moved

A

by muscle contractions and valves preventing back flow

78
Q

how does haemoglobin aid oxygen carrying

A

8 oxygen can bind to form oxynaemgolbin

79
Q

what does haemoglobin and oxygen have

A

positive cooperatively, as conformation of o and hg makes subsequent binding easier

80
Q

what does postivite cooperatively mean for blood

A

rapid loading so haemoglobin has higher affinity for o2

81
Q

what is aldut oxygen dislocation curve

A

sigmoidal

82
Q

how does Aleut and fetal heamgolbin differ

A

fetus has get get haemoglobin from maternal heamgolbin, so foetus has high affinity to load o2 from. other

83
Q

how does affinity of myoglobin differ to haemoglobin

A

made of single polypeptide with 1 team group not capable of cooperative bonding

84
Q

gas exchange of co2 at respiring tissues

A

co2 enters red bc combines with water forming carbonic acid which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

85
Q

what is chloride shift

A

bicarbonate pumper out of cell in exchange with chloride ions so red bc remain unchanged, bicarbonate combines with sodium to form sodium bicarbonate which travels to lungs

86
Q

how do hydrogen ions effect enviroment

A

make environment less alkaline so nheamoglobin releases more o2, haemoglobin absorbs h ion and acts as buffer to maintain ph

87
Q

what is the Bohr effect

A

at lower ph haemoglobin gives up o2 more easily

88
Q

Bohr effect on active tissues

A

higher particle pressure and lower ph so o2 given up more readily

89
Q

bohr effect at lungs

A

lower partital pressure of co2, o2 binds more easily

Biology (14 decks)

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