communicable diseases, disease prevention and immune system

Question 1

bacteria

Answer 1

prokaryotes (no membrane bound organelles)

Question 2

what are the 2 ways bacteria can be classified

Answer 2

by basic shape or by cell wall

Question 3

what are viruses

Answer 3

non living infectious agents

Question 4

virus structure

Answer 4

genetic material surrounded by protein

Question 5

how do viruses reproduce

Answer 5

invade living cells, where genetic material takes over biochemistry of host cell by inserting owns rna into organisms dna to make more viruses

Question 6

bacteriophages

Answer 6

viruses that attack bacteria

Question 7

protoctists

Answer 7

eukaryotic organisms with wide variety of feeding mechanism, some procistia act as pathogens

Question 8

fungi

Answer 8

eukaryotic organisms, often multicellular, some are single cellular such as yeasts, cannot photosynthesis and digest food extracellularly

Question 9

saprophytes

Answer 9

are many fungi. as they feed of dead or decaying matter

Question 10

pathogenic

Answer 10

some fungi are so they feed on living plants and animals, they cause communicable diesese

Question 11

ring rot

Answer 11

bacterial disease of tomatoes and potatoes caused by gram positive bacterium

Question 12

tabacco masaic virus

Answer 12

viruses, damages leaves standing growth and reducing yeild

Question 13

black Sigatoka

Answer 13

bannan disease caused by fungus which attacks and destroys leaves

Question 14

gram positive bacteria

Answer 14

appear blue purple under microscope after gram staining e.g. MRSA

Question 15

gram negative bacteria

Answer 15

appears red under microscope e.g. ecoli

Question 16

toxins

Answer 16

most pathogenic bacteria will produce toxin which damages the cells of host breaking down plasma membrane

Question 17

direct transmission in animals (3)

Answer 17

direct contact (kissing, bodily fluids) innoculation (break in skin e.g his during sex, animal bite) ingestion

Question 18

indirect transmission in animals (4)

Answer 18

fomities (inanimate objects such as socks and athletes foot) droplet infection (inhalation when talk sneeze ect) vectors, water

Question 19

factors effecting communicable disease in animals (4)

Answer 19

overcrowding, poor nutrient, immune compromised, climate change

Question 20

direct transmission in plants

Answer 20

direct contact (of health plant with unhealthy plant)

Question 21

indirect transmission in plants

Answer 21

soil contamination (plants leave pathogens or reproductive spores in soil for next crop) vectors (wind, water animals, humans)

Question 22

factors effecting communicable disease in plants (4)

Answer 22

over crowding, damp warm conditions, climate change, poor mineral nutrient

Question 23

1st line of defence against disease (5)

Answer 23

skin, eyes (lysozyme) nasal passage (mucus) trachea, bladder

Question 24

2nd line of defence (and what can pass it)

Answer 24

vectors can pass it, can have inflammatory response, phagocytosis’s blood clotting

Question 25

Inflammatory response

Answer 25

bacteria enters tissue, mast cells realease histamine, local arterioles dilate (increasing bloodflow) local capillaries become leaky (due to histamine) neutrophils migrate to infected area by chemotaxis neutrophils phagocytise bacteria destroying them

Question 26

blood clotting

Answer 26

platelets rush to site, realising thromboplastin and serotonin, the clot dries out forming hard scab (keep pathogens from entering epidemical (skin) cells grow beneath sab, collagen fibres reinforce skin cells

Question 27

what is serotonin

Answer 27

causes muscle to contract around wounds reducing gap

Question 28

cell mediated immunity

Answer 28

macrophages engulf and digest pathogen in phagocytosis they process surface antigen to form APC receptors on some T cells fit antigen and become activated producing interleukins which stimulate more T cells to divide forming T cell clones

Question 29

humoral immunity

Answer 29

activated T cells bind to B cell ATC which is clonal selection interleukins activate B cells which divide by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and B memory cells (clonal expansion) plasma cells produce antibodies that fit antigen on pathogen surface disabling them some B cells develop into b memory cells

Question 30

phagocytes

Answer 30

specialised white cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

Question 31

phagocytosis

Answer 31

pathogen produces chemical attracting phagocytes phagocytes recognise non human proteins on pathogen (non specific) phagocytes makes contact and engulfs pathogen and encloses it in vacuole called phagosome phagosome combines with lysosome to form phagolysosome enzymes from lysosome digest and destroy the pathogen

Question 32

if macrophage digests pathogen

Answer 32

combines antigen from pathogen surface membrane with glycoproteins in cytoplasm called MHC MHC complex moves pathogen antigen. to macrophages own surface membrane forming APC which stimulates other cells involved in specific immune response

Question 33

what is an antibody

Answer 33

glycoprotein called immunoglobulins which bind to specific antigen on the pathogen or toxin which has triggered immune response

Question 34

antibody process

Answer 34

antibody of antigen - antibody complex acts as opsonin, so complex engulfed by phagocytosis most pathogens can no long invade host cell when part of antigen-antibody complex antibody act as agglutinins and anti toxins

Question 35

opsonins

Answer 35

chemicals that bind to proteins to tag them to be easily reconised

Question 36

cytokines

Answer 36

attract white blood cells to site and dispose of waste by phagocytosis

Question 37

secondary response

Answer 37

more rapid then primary response, much greater concentration of antibodies so bigger response

Question 38

autoimmune diseases

Answer 38

immune system stops recognising self antigens and attack healthy body tissues

Question 39

active natural immunity

Answer 39

when 1st met pathogen and immune system activated producing t and b memory cells

Question 40

passive natural

Answer 40

antibodies cross placenta so baby has immunity at birth, the first milk is high in antibodies which pass directly into bloodstream

Question 41

active artificial

Answer 41

vaccination - body stimulated to make own antibodies

Question 42

vaccination process

Answer 42

pathogen made safe, then small amount injected into blood, primary response triggered by foreign antigens so secondary response can occur

Question 43

how is pathogen made safe for vaccination

Answer 43

killed or inactive virus, weakened, toxic molecules have been altered and detoxified

Question 44

artificial passive

Answer 44

antibodies extracted then injected into blood stream of indivual, short lasting but prevents development of disease

Question 45

epidemic

Answer 45

communicable disease spread on national level

Question 46

herd immunity

Answer 46

when a large proportion of population is vaccinated

Question 47

what are antibiotics

Answer 47

group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections, effective against prokaryotic usually leave eukaroytics unharmed

Question 48

bactericidal

Answer 48

kill bacteria cells

Question 49

bacteriostatic

Answer 49

slow the growth of reproductive bacteria

Question 50

antibiotic resistance

Answer 50

they can survive and reproduce due to a genetic mutation

Question 51

possible sources of medicines

Answer 51

fungi, plants, animals

Question 52

pharmacogenetics

Answer 52

tailored medicine treatment to individual looking at persons genome and how dna affects the way you respond to drugs

Question 53

synthetic biology

Answer 53

redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering to have new abilities (genetic engineering)