Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > communicable diseases, disease prevention and immune system > Flashcards

communicable diseases, disease prevention and immune system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotes (no membrane bound organelles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 ways bacteria can be classified

A

by basic shape or by cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are viruses

A

non living infectious agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

virus structure

A

genetic material surrounded by protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do viruses reproduce

A

invade living cells, where genetic material takes over biochemistry of host cell by inserting owns rna into organisms dna to make more viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bacteriophages

A

viruses that attack bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

protoctists

A

eukaryotic organisms with wide variety of feeding mechanism, some procistia act as pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic organisms, often multicellular, some are single cellular such as yeasts, cannot photosynthesis and digest food extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

saprophytes

A

are many fungi. as they feed of dead or decaying matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pathogenic

A

some fungi are so they feed on living plants and animals, they cause communicable diesese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ring rot

A

bacterial disease of tomatoes and potatoes caused by gram positive bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tabacco masaic virus

A

viruses, damages leaves standing growth and reducing yeild

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

black Sigatoka

A

bannan disease caused by fungus which attacks and destroys leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

appear blue purple under microscope after gram staining e.g. MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

appears red under microscope e.g. ecoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

toxins

A

most pathogenic bacteria will produce toxin which damages the cells of host breaking down plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

direct transmission in animals (3)

A

direct contact (kissing, bodily fluids) innoculation (break in skin e.g his during sex, animal bite) ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

indirect transmission in animals (4)

A

fomities (inanimate objects such as socks and athletes foot) droplet infection (inhalation when talk sneeze ect) vectors, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

factors effecting communicable disease in animals (4)

A

overcrowding, poor nutrient, immune compromised, climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

direct transmission in plants

A

direct contact (of health plant with unhealthy plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

indirect transmission in plants

A

soil contamination (plants leave pathogens or reproductive spores in soil for next crop) vectors (wind, water animals, humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

factors effecting communicable disease in plants (4)

A

over crowding, damp warm conditions, climate change, poor mineral nutrient

23
Q

1st line of defence against disease (5)

A

skin, eyes (lysozyme) nasal passage (mucus) trachea, bladder

24
Q

2nd line of defence (and what can pass it)

A

vectors can pass it, can have inflammatory response, phagocytosis’s blood clotting

25
Q

Inflammatory response

A

bacteria enters tissue,
mast cells realease histamine,
local arterioles dilate (increasing bloodflow)
local capillaries become leaky (due to histamine)
neutrophils migrate to infected area by chemotaxis
neutrophils phagocytise bacteria destroying them

26
Q

blood clotting

A

platelets rush to site, realising thromboplastin and serotonin,
the clot dries out forming hard scab (keep pathogens from entering
epidemical (skin) cells grow beneath sab, collagen fibres reinforce skin cells

27
Q

what is serotonin

A

causes muscle to contract around wounds reducing gap

28
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

macrophages engulf and digest pathogen in phagocytosis
they process surface antigen to form APC
receptors on some T cells fit antigen and become activated producing interleukins
which stimulate more T cells to divide forming T cell clones

29
Q

humoral immunity

A

activated T cells bind to B cell ATC which is clonal selection
interleukins activate B cells which divide by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and B memory cells (clonal expansion)
plasma cells produce antibodies that fit antigen on pathogen surface disabling them
some B cells develop into b memory cells

30
Q

phagocytes

A

specialised white cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

31
Q

phagocytosis

A

pathogen produces chemical attracting phagocytes
phagocytes recognise non human proteins on pathogen (non specific)
phagocytes makes contact and engulfs pathogen and encloses it in vacuole called phagosome
phagosome combines with lysosome to form phagolysosome
enzymes from lysosome digest and destroy the pathogen

32
Q

if macrophage digests pathogen

A

combines antigen from pathogen surface membrane with glycoproteins in cytoplasm called MHC
MHC complex moves pathogen antigen. to macrophages own surface membrane forming APC which stimulates other cells involved in specific immune response

33
Q

what is an antibody

A

glycoprotein called immunoglobulins which bind to specific antigen on the pathogen or toxin which has triggered immune response

34
Q

antibody process

A

antibody of antigen - antibody complex acts as opsonin, so complex engulfed by phagocytosis
most pathogens can no long invade host cell when part of antigen-antibody complex
antibody act as agglutinins and anti toxins

35
Q

opsonins

A

chemicals that bind to proteins to tag them to be easily reconised

36
Q

cytokines

A

attract white blood cells to site and dispose of waste by phagocytosis

37
Q

secondary response

A

more rapid then primary response, much greater concentration of antibodies so bigger response

38
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system stops recognising self antigens and attack healthy body tissues

39
Q

active natural immunity

A

when 1st met pathogen and immune system activated producing t and b memory cells

40
Q

passive natural

A

antibodies cross placenta so baby has immunity at birth, the first milk is high in antibodies which pass directly into bloodstream

41
Q

active artificial

A

vaccination - body stimulated to make own antibodies

42
Q

vaccination process

A

pathogen made safe, then small amount injected into blood, primary response triggered by foreign antigens so secondary response can occur

43
Q

how is pathogen made safe for vaccination

A

killed or inactive virus, weakened, toxic molecules have been altered and detoxified

44
Q

artificial passive

A

antibodies extracted then injected into blood stream of indivual, short lasting but prevents development of disease

45
Q

epidemic

A

communicable disease spread on national level

46
Q

herd immunity

A

when a large proportion of population is vaccinated

47
Q

what are antibiotics

A

group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections, effective against prokaryotic usually leave eukaroytics unharmed

48
Q

bactericidal

A

kill bacteria cells

49
Q

bacteriostatic

A

slow the growth of reproductive bacteria

50
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

they can survive and reproduce due to a genetic mutation

51
Q

possible sources of medicines

A

fungi, plants, animals

52
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

tailored medicine treatment to individual looking at persons genome and how dna affects the way you respond to drugs

53
Q

synthetic biology

A

redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering to have new abilities (genetic engineering)

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions