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Biology > cell division🍇 > Flashcards

cell division🍇 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is mitosis important

A

tissue repair and replacement, growth, asexual reproduction, development

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2
Q

what happens in g1

A

cell grows and prepares for dna replication, synthesis of protein for organelle production, replication of organelles

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3
Q

what happens in s

A

dna is replicated ready for mitosis

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4
Q

what happens in g2

A

cell finishes growing and prepares for cell division

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5
Q

how is go entered

A

through g1 phase

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6
Q

what is g0

A

cell arrest, may be temporary or permanent

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7
Q

g1 checkpoint

A

checks for nutrient, growth factors and dna damage

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8
Q

what happens if fail g1

A

enters g0

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9
Q

g2 checkpoint

A

checks for cell size and dna replication

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10
Q

if pass g2 checkpoint

A

start mitosis

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11
Q

what happens if fails g2 checkpoint

A

repair damaged dna to prevent being transmitted to daughter cells

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12
Q

metaphase checkpoint

A

checks for chromosomes spinal fibres

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13
Q

what happens if fails metaphase checkpoint

A

arrests cell cycle at m phase until all chromosomes area aligned on spindle

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14
Q

centromere

A

renters chromatids

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15
Q

are chromatids identical

A

yes

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16
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

same size, genes at same loci (position)

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17
Q

how do prokaroytics replicate

A

binary fision

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18
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromatin coils and condenses to form chromosomes, nucleolus disappeared and nuclear membrane breaks down, microtubules form spindle fibre shaped structures

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19
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes Allin at equator,spondle fibres attached to centromere

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20
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

chromatids separate, shingle fibres contract pulling chromatids (centromere first) to opposite pole of cell

21
Q

what happens in telophase

A

chromatids assemble at opposite sides of poles on spindle fibres and detach from spindle fibres, chromosomes uncoil and decondense to chromatids, neuclear membrane reforms at each poles

22
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cell surface membrane pulled inwards by cytoskeleton until close enough to fuse around middle forming 2 cells

23
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

vesicles from Golgi begin to assemble in same place metaphase plate formed, vesicles fuse with each other and cell surface membrane divide in 2, new cell wall forms along new section of membranes

24
Q

meristem

A

where plant growth occurs

25
Q

mitosis vs meiosis daughter cells

A

mitosis 2 meiosis 4

26
Q

is mitosis hap or dip

A

diploid

27
Q

is meiosis hap or dip

A

haploid

28
Q

mitosis vs meiosis gamete or somatic (body) cell

A

mitosis somatic, meiosis gamete

29
Q

why is meiosis important

A

production of gametes for sexual reproduction

30
Q

what does meiosis go from

A

diploid to haploid

31
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes form, homologous chromosomes are very close togheter so the crossing over of non sister chromatids occurs creating new gene combinations

32
Q

bivalent

A

pair of homologous chromosomes

33
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pair up to form a bivalent

34
Q

chiasmata

A

where homologous chromosomes are held togheter

35
Q

metaphase 1

A

bivalents line up along equator of the spindle, with spindle fibres attached to centromeres, the maternal and paternal chromosomes in each pair position themselves independently of the others which is independent assortment

36
Q

anaphase 1

A

mictotubles pull whole chromosome to opposite end of spindle

37
Q

telophase 1

A

nuclear envelope reforms around two groups of chromosomes

38
Q

prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, no crossing over

39
Q

what is a stem cell

A

an unspecialised cell that is capable of division of differentiation to become other cell types

40
Q

what happens if cell cycle to slow

A

ageing

41
Q

what happens if cell cycle to fast

A

tumors

42
Q

self renewal

A

continuosly divide and replicate, important to maintain stem cell pool

43
Q

why is cell differential important

A

replaces dead or damaged cells

44
Q

potency

A

have capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types

45
Q

what qualities are import in unspecialised cells

A

self renewal and potency

46
Q

totipotent

A

differentiate into any cell type, source is fertilised egg or zygote

47
Q

pluripotent

A

they can different into all tissue types but not whole organism, present in early embryos

48
Q

multipotent

A

forma range of cells within tissue, found in many places bone marrow adipose tissue, cord blood

Biology (14 decks)

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