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biology > Biological Molecules 🍕 > Flashcards

Biological Molecules 🍕 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Water propites

A

-Polar molecule (+/-) so adjacent molecule attracted hydrogen bonds formed between molecules making it strong
- solvent properties so dissolved compounds can transport and out if cells
- cohesive/ adhesion between molecules moves as 1 mass
-high melting point, high specific heat capacity
- temperature buffer

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2
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Cannot become part of water

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down in present of water

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4
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Produces water

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5
Q

what are proteins

A

a polymer called polypeptides made up of amino acid units

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6
Q

Insulin

A
  • globular protein, alpha helix
  • hormone that regulates blood glucose level
  • 3d shape
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7
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Globular protein, alpha pleated
  • conjugated protein
  • bind and unbind to oxygen
  • 4 polypeptide chains 2 alpha 2 beta subunits
  • each sub unit contains a prosthetic haem group
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8
Q

Catalase

A
  • enzyme found in liver
    -conjugated proteins
  • quaternary protein containing 4 haem prosthetic groups
  • ensures that hydrogen peroxide (dangerous to cells) doesn’t built up in cells
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9
Q

Keratin

A

-in hair skin nails
- fibrous, beta pleated sheets
- large portion of cysteine (sulphur containing amino acids)
- many disulfide bonds making it strong and inflexible and insoluble

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10
Q

Elastin

A

Fiberous, beta pleated sheets
In walls of vessels, gives structures flexibility
Made from tropoelastin so can stretch and recoil
Formed when multiply tropoelastin molecules aggregate via interaction in hydrophobic areas and stabilized by cross linking covalent bonds

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11
Q

Collagen

A

Fibourous, beta pleated sheets
Connective tissue found in skin tendons ligaments and ns
Made up of 3 polypeptide (triple helix)
Every 3rd amino acid is glycine so can be packed together tightly
Hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains forming long quaternary proteins with staggered ends
R groups repel each other

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12
Q

what elements in carbohydrates

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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13
Q

Glucose

A

Basic monomer of carbohydrates. Its a hexose monosaccharide which is polar and soluble in water due to hydrogen bonds and hydroxyl groups

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14
Q

Condensation reaction of glucose

A

2 alpha glucose are together the hydroxyl groups interact and react. A water molecule molecule is formed, the glycosidic bond is between carbon 1 and 4

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15
Q

Pentose

A

5 carbons , e.g ribose and deoxyribose

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16
Q

Maltose

A

Formed of 2 glucose molecule with a alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

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17
Q

Sucrose

A

Is formed from glucose and fructose joined glucose and fructose by 1-4 glycosidic bond

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18
Q

Lactose

A

Is formed from galactose and glucose by a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

Animials store carbohydrates as glycogen have alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds, less dence and more soluble then starch

20
Q

Cellulose

A

Main part of plant cell wall consists of long chains of beta glucose joined by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Chains form robe like microfibrils which are layered to form network

21
Q

Lipids

A

Only contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Insoluble in water but soluble in organic compounds

22
Q

Triglycerides

A

A glycerol and 3 fatty acids and an ester bond. Transported around body and stored in adipose tissue

23
Q

Role of lipids

A

Lipids stored as adipose tissue. Heat insulation, buoyancy, protection

24
Q

Saturated

A

no double bonds between c

25
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 phosphoric acid and 2 fatty acids. The head is charged and hydrophilic, the tail is hydrophobic and non polar. They form spontaneous bilayre which is an essential component of cell and organelle membrane

26
Q

Testing for lipids

A

Emulsion test
Mix with ethanol then water and a milky ppt forms

27
Q

Testing for proteins

A

Buiret test
Peptide bonds form violet coloured complexes with copper ions in alkaline solutions. Blue to purple

28
Q

Testing for starch

A

Iodine solution. Turns from yellow to blue/black

29
Q

Testing for reducing sugars

A

Benedicts regent heat to 70c
Blue - green - yellow - red
Qualitative

30
Q

Testing for non reducing sugars

A

Add HCL heat to hydrolyse the glycosidic bond
Add sodium hydrogen to neutralise the solution
Add the benedicts reagent and heat in water bath
Green - yellow - orange - red

31
Q

monounsaturated

A

one double bond between c

32
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

more than 1 double bond between c

33
Q

what do double bonds in lipid

A

Double bonds make molecules bend so they can’t pack together as tightly so liquid at room temp

34
Q

primary structure of protein

A

the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain determined by the genetic code

35
Q

secondary structure of protein

A

amino acid chain can coil into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet

36
Q

tertiary structure of protein

A

whole chain further folded into a complex globular shape

37
Q

alpha helix

A

hydrogen bonds form between oxygen and hydrogen atoms

38
Q

beta pleated sheet

A

amino acid folds back upon itself forming anti parrel chains, oxygen and hydrogen that are close together form hydrogen bonds

39
Q

what does hydrogen bonds do in the secondary protein structure

A

help to stabilise structure

40
Q

quaternary structure of protein

A

multiply polypeptide chains combind and are help together by bonds

41
Q

when do disulphide bridges form

A

when R groups of 2 amino acids contain sulphur atoms and are in close proximity

42
Q

monosaccaride

A

carbohydrate, small simple sugars soluble in water

43
Q

disaccharide

A

carbohydrate large sugar soluble in water

44
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain carbohydrate insoluble in water

45
Q

monosaccharide example

A

glucose, fructose, ribose

46
Q

disaccharide example

A

lactose, sucrose

47
Q

polysaccharide example

A

glycogen, cellulose, starch

biology (14 decks)

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