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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need a transport system?

A

high metabolic demands - deliver useful metabolites and removes waste.
smaller surface area to volume ratio
need to maintain a steep diffusion gradient
need something to carry hormones and antibodies around the body

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2
Q

What are 5 key features of a transport system?

A

suitable medium (e.g. blood)
a pump (e.g. heart)
valves (maintain direction of flow)
respiratory pigment (e.g. haemoglobin - increase the volume of oxygen carried)
system of branching vessels (increasing surface area, reaching all tissues)

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3
Q

What are the similarities between an open and closed system?

A

both contain a liquid transport medium
both contain blood vessels
both have a pumping mechanism to move the fluid around the system

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4
Q

What are the differences between an open and closed system?

A

Open- blood (haemolymph in insects) comes into direct contact with the tissues and cells (in the haemocel)
Closed blood does not come into direct contact with the tissues it remains inside the blood vessels a tall times
Open - does not always transport oxygen or carbon dioxide around the body in insects there is a separate system for this (tracheal system)

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5
Q

What are the similarities between single and double circulatory system?

A

both are closed systems meaning that blood is contained within blood vessels
In both systems blood does not come into direct contact with the cells of the body
both have a pumping mechanism to move the fluid around the system
blood is pumped around the body and returns directly to the heart in both cases before lungs/gills

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6
Q

What are the differences between single and double circulatory system?

A

single- blood flows through the heart once during a complete circuit of the body
double- blood flows through the heart twice during a complete circuit of the body
single- blood flows through 2 beds of capillaries before returning to the heart
in a double blood flows through a capillary bed in the lungs to exchange gases then returns to the heart before it travels around the rest of the body
blood pressure and speed of blood flow is single is relatively low compared to double

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7
Q

Is an earthworm an open/closed single/double system?

A

closed single

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8
Q

Is an Insect open/closed single/double system?

A

open, therefore no circuit round of blood

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9
Q

is a fish a open/closed single/double system?

A

closed single

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10
Q

Is a mammal a open/closed single/double system?

A

closed double

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11
Q

Do Earthworms have a respiratory pigment, what is there heart structure?

A

yes, pseudohearts

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12
Q

Do insects have a respiratory pigment, what is there heart structure?

A

no, dorsal tube-shaped

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13
Q

Do fish have a respiratory pigment, what is there heart structure?

A

yes, 1 atrium 1 ventricle

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14
Q

Do mammals have a respiratory pigment, what is there heart structure?

A

yes 2 atria 2 ventricles

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15
Q

Why is it beneficial to have the largest area and lowest velocity in capillaries?

A

capillaries are the exchange tissue where diffusion takes place. low velocity allows sufficient time fore diffusion to occur. large surface area allows diffusion to occur over large area simultaneously so increasing amount of substance diffused

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16
Q

What components of blood vessels affect the blood pressure?

A

lumen diameter
total area of the blood vessels
structural components of the blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

thick muscular tunica media layer and more tunica intima layer of elastic tissue compared to veins
endothelium is smooth

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18
Q

What does a thick muscular tunica media layer and more tunica intima layer of elastic allow for?(artery)

A

expansion and recoiling when the heart beats to maintain blood pressure

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19
Q

What does the endothelium being smooth allow for? (artery)

A

allows blood to flow easily over it and it is folded allowing artery to expand to maintain the high pressure

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20
Q

WHat is the structure of arterioles?

A

more smooth muscle in tunica media in arteries
thinner tunica intima elastic layer than arteries

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21
Q

What does more smooth muscle in tunica media in arterioles allow for?

A

contraction (vasoconstriction) prevents blood flow into the capillaries. relaxation of this muscle layer (vasodilation) allows blood to flow into the capillaries

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22
Q

Why is there a thinner tunica intima elastic layer than arteries in arterioles?

A

blood pressure is lower.

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23
Q

WHat is the structure of the capillaries?

A

thin layer of cells (endothelium)
numerous and highly branched
narrow diameter
narrow lumen
gaps between cells

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24
Q

WHat is the structure of venules?

A

very thin walls (no elastic tissue, may contain some muscle cells)

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25
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

some have valves
large lumen compared to arteries
thin walls (less elastic tunica intima and muscular tunica media layers) compared to arteries

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26
Q

WHy do some veins have valves?

A

to prevent backflow as pressure is low

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27
Q

WHy do veins have a larger lumen than arteries?

A

contain up to 60% of blood in veins

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28
Q

Why do veins have thin walls compared to arteries?

A

no need for a thick wall as pressure is low

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29
Q

What is the function of the artery?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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30
Q

What is the function of the arterioles?

A

control blood flow from arteries to capillaries by smooth muscle contraction

31
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

the exchange vessels of the circulatory system. Allow exchange of substances between the blood and the tissue fluid surrounding the cells

32
Q

What is the function of the venules?

A

link capillaries to veins

33
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

carry blood back towards the heart

34
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

collagen rich outer layer - tough, resists pressure

35
Q

WHat is the tunica media?

A

smooth muscle middle layer - can contract and control the flow of blood

36
Q

WHat is the tunica intima?

A

elastic inner layer - can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure

37
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

made of endothelial cells - smooth lining layer to prevent friction. one cell thick. Lumen - not a layer - a cavity

38
Q

How does the structure of the artery affect the blood pressure and allow them to carry out their function?

A

have thick strong, collagen rich outer walls and thick elastic walls to withstand the pressure generated by contraction of the ventricle. pressure is maintained by the stretch and recoil of elastic fibres in blood vessel walls
arteries have a relatively small lumen to maintain pressure

39
Q

How does the structure of the arterioles affect the blood pressure and allow them to carry out their function?

A

total area is greater, but lumens are smaller so resistance increases and pressure is maintained. muscle contracts to reduce blood flow to tissues

40
Q

How does the structure of the capillaries affect the blood pressure and allow them to carry out their function?

A

lumens are small so that single red blood cells can fit inside them so resistance is high, but there are many of them so the total area is hige so blood flow and pressure decreases. (they also have a thin wall/ small lumen/ gaps between endothelial cells)allowing exchange of materials (between blood and tissues)

41
Q

What happens to pressure of blood as it returns to venules? why?

A

pressure falls as lumens are larger, there are few muscle fibres since pressure is low.

42
Q

What are the names of the 2 systems in double circulatory for humans?

A

pulmonary system and systemic system

43
Q

What is another name for muscle tissue?

A

cardiac muscle tissue

44
Q

what cells make up the wall of the alveoli?

A

alveolar epithelial cells

45
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

filtered blood plasma

46
Q

What does tissue fluid contain?

A

glucose, amino acids, slats and oxygen. it supplies tissues with all these vital molecules and takes waste away (carbon dioxide and urea)

47
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure generated by the water in plasma in a closed system, increased by ventricular contraction. There is a high hydrostatic pressure for blood entering the capillaries. (4.5kPa)

48
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

pressure generated by free water molecules in the presence of plasma proteins (negative because proteins are dissolved in water) blood in capillaries hace a relatively high level of protein (albumin) compared to the surrounding tissue fluid (-3.3kPa)

49
Q

At arteriole end of the capillary what is hydrostatic pressure like?

A

high

50
Q

At arteriole end of the cappillary what is oncotic pressure like?

A

high

51
Q

At venule end of the capillary what is the hydrostatic pressure like?

A

low

52
Q

At venule end of the capillary what is the oncotic pressure like?

A

high

53
Q

WHat are the 2 types of transport systems?

A

circulatory and lymphatic

54
Q

What is the lymph?

A

formed from tissue fluid and also contains lymphocytes (white blood cells)

55
Q

WHat is the blood made up of?

A

45% erythrocytes, 55% blood plasma <1% leukocytes

56
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted for transport of oxygen?

A

contain haemoglobin
no nucleus so more room for haemoglobin in the cell.
large surface area to volume ratio (concave shape)

57
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

transport oxygen around the body, medium of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

58
Q

WHat is the structure of heamoglobin?

A

quaternary, 4 haem groups that contain iron
2 polypeptide chains

59
Q

What does haemoglobins affinity for oxygen depend on?

A

partial pressure of oxygen
partial pressure of carbon dioxide

60
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

the amount of pressure exerted by the gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the gases in the mixture

61
Q

What is partial pressure measured in?

A

kilopascals

62
Q

How does affinity for oxygen change across haemoglobin?

A

difficult to load first oxygen molecule
once one oxygen molecule has attached shape changes much easier to gain more oxygen

63
Q

WHen resting how much oxygen is released into the body cells?

A

only about 25%

64
Q

IF a dissociation curve is shifted to the left what does that mean?

A

the haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen

65
Q

if a dissociation curve is shifted to the right what does that mean?

A

lower affinity for oxygen

66
Q

What is the affinity of foetal haemoglobin like?

A

higher affinity than adult haemoglobin

67
Q

WHat does the cardiac cycle involve?

A

the events in a single heartbeat
lasts about 0.8 seconds in a human adult
3 phases - atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole

68
Q

WHat does systole mean?

A

atrial systole, atria contract
ventricular systole, ventricles contract

69
Q

WHat does diastole mean?

A

heart relaxes (the atria and then ventricles fill with blood)

70
Q

What happens when ventricle contracts?

A

pressure in ventricle increases above the pressure in the atrium
the atrioventricular valve closes preventing the blood from flowing back into the atrium

71
Q

what happens when the semi lunar valve opens due to pressure in ventricle increasing above that of pressure in aorta?

A

the blood flows into the aorta and out of the ventricle.

72
Q

What happens when pressure in the ventricle decreases below the pressure in the aorta?

A

the semi lunar valve closes. preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricle

73
Q

When does the atrioventricular valve open? what happens?

A

when pressure in the ventricle decreases below the pressure in the atrium
blood flows into the ventricle

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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