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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Carbohydrates (biochemistry) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (biochemistry) Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen & oxygen (only exception is chitin

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2
Q

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms? (carbohydrate)

A

hydrogen 2:1 oxygen

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3
Q

What is the general molecular formula for carbohydrates?

A

C(H²O)n

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4
Q

What are some example of monosaccharides?

A

a glucose
B glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose

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5
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose
maltose
lactose

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6
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen
(chitin)

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7
Q

What are mono and disaccharides? characteristics?

A

sugars
-small molecules
-soluble
-sweet

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8
Q

What are polysaccharides? characteristics?

A

not sugars
-polymers
-insoluble
-not sweet

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9
Q

What is the formula for triose? (monosaccharide)

A

C3H6O3

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10
Q

What is the Pentose formula? (monosaccharide)

A

C5H10O5

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11
Q

What is the Hexose formula?

A

C6H12O6

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12
Q

What is glyceraldehyde phosphate?

A

an intermediate in glycolysis (respiration) and the calvin cycle (photosynthesis)

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13
Q

What are 2 examples of pentose sugars?

A

ribose (C5H10O5) and deoxyribose (C5H10O4)

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14
Q

What is ribose?

A

component of nucelotides in RNA

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15
Q

WHat is deoxyribose?

A

component of nucleotides in DNA

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16
Q

What is significant about Hexose monosaccharides?

A

they all have the same chemical formula: C6H12O6
but have different structural formula (they are structural isomers)

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17
Q

What is the function of a glucose

A

monomer in starch and glycogen

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18
Q

What is the function of B glucose?

A

monomer in cellulose

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19
Q

What is the function of fructose?

A

fructose + glucose = sucrose

20
Q

What is the function of galactose?

A

galactose + glucose = lactose

21
Q

How does glucose exist in powder or solution (cells)?

A

in powder exists mainly in a straight chain form
in solution exists in ring form

22
Q

how are disaccharides formed?

A

formed from two monosaccharides joined by a condensation reaction to form a glycosidic bond.

23
Q

What can a glycosidic bond be split by?

A

Hydrolysis

24
Q

What is the equation for formation of maltose?

A

a glucose + B glucose = maltose (C12H22O11) + water

25
Q

Where does the glycosidic bond form in maltose?

A

between carbons 1 and 4

26
Q

Where does the glycosidic bond form in sucrose?

A

between carbons 1 and 2

27
Q

Where does the glycosidic bond form in lactose?

A

between carbons 1 and 4

28
Q

When does maltose form?

A

when starch is broken down by amylase during:
digeston in animals
germination of seeds

29
Q

What is the function of sucrose?

A

form in which sugars are transported in phloem of plants
storage compound in some plants

30
Q

Where is lactose found what is it useful for?

A

found in mammalian milk
important in infant diet

31
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers formed by monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds formed by condensation reactions

32
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

2 polysaccharides Amylose and amylopectin

33
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

storage molecule in plant cells

34
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

structural component of plant cell walls

35
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

storage molecule in animal cells

36
Q

What is the function of Chitin?

A

structural component of arthropod exoskeletons 9like insects) and cell walls of fungi, strengthen the structure

37
Q

What monosaccharide and glycosidic bond is amylose made of?

A

a glucose and 1,4 only

38
Q

What monosaccharide and glycosidic bond is amylopectin made of?

A

a glucose 1,4 and some 1,6

39
Q

What monosaccharide and glycosidic bond is glycogen made of?

A

a glucose 1,4 and many 1,6

40
Q

What monosaccharide and glycosidic bond is cellulose made of?

A

B glucose 1,4 only

41
Q

What monosaccharide and glycosidic bond is chitin made of?

A

glucosamine 1,4 only

42
Q

In cellulose how are parallel chains linked?

A

hydrogen bonds

43
Q

What other element does chitin contain?

A

nitrogen

44
Q

How is chitin made up?

A

polymer of glucosamine, b glucose chains (which are joined rotated 180)
composed of fibres and straight lines cross linked by hydrogen bonds

45
Q

What is chitin also used for?

A

to make a strong and flexible surgical thread

46
Q

What is the effect of polysaccharides on osmosis?

A

they are insoluble and therefore do not draw water in to cells, so don’t affect osmotic potential

47
Q

What is the effect of mono and disaccharides on osmosis?

A

they are soluble and so would affect the osmotic potential of cells, would draw water into the cell if they are present

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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