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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How is a signal passed through the nervous system?

A

stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - relay neurone - motor neurone - effector - response

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2
Q

What does a thermoreceptor sense?

A

heat or cold

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3
Q

What does a meissner’s corpuscle sense?

A

touch

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4
Q

What does a nociceptor sense?

A

pain

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5
Q

What does a pacinian corpuscle sense?

A

pressure

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6
Q

Where are internal receptors located?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the name of receptors for light?

A

photoreceptors

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8
Q

What are the name of receptors for chemicals?

A

chemoreceptor

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9
Q

What are the name of receptors for temperature?

A

Thermoreceptor

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10
Q

What are the name of receptors for touch/pressure (physical but not pain)?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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11
Q

What are the name of receptors for position/movement?

A

Proprioreceptor

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12
Q

What are 4 benefits of a simple 3 neurone reflex arc?

A

signal is passed on faster (rapid response)
protective
unlearnt - so is reaction to keep safe
predator avoidance

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13
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

relay neurone, spinal cord, brain

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14
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

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15
Q

What neurones are in the PNS?

A

Motor and sensory neurones

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16
Q

WHat is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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17
Q

What are involuntary reactions?

A

things we do not think about

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18
Q

WHat is the function of the brain in nervous response?

A

learning from the stimulus, coordinating/’deciding’ a response

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous reaction?

A

autonomic and somatic

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20
Q

What 3 ways can autonomic reactions be categorised?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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21
Q

What is sympathetic response?

A

fight or flight

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22
Q

What is parasympathetic response?

A

rest and ‘digest’

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23
Q

What is enteric response?

A

Gastrointestinal (digestion)

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24
Q

What is a somatic response?

A

movements and decisions including reflex arc

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25
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

Dorsal root, root ganglion, and horn
Ventral root, and horn
Central Canal
White matter
Grey Matter
Meninges

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26
Q

What is the Grey matter made of?

A

synapses and cell bodies of neurone

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27
Q

What is the white matter made of?

A

myelin sheath (lipid which is electrical insulator)

28
Q

What is the central canal?

A

contains spinal fluid which is a shock absorber

29
Q

What is the meninges?

A

protective layer around brain and spinal cord

30
Q

What is the cell body centron?

A

the spherical part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other major organelles

31
Q

What are dendrites?

A

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

32
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Layer of lipids around axon, act as electrical insulator, action potential passed across nodes of ranvier

33
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

only points on axon where action potential can occur, speeds up transmission across axon as it jumps from node to node

34
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

35
Q

What types of proteins are in an axon membrane that allow for movement of molecules?

A

channel protein, gated channel protein for sodium or potassium, Na/K+ pump (carrier protein)

36
Q

What is the resting potential of the axon?

A

-70mV where there is a more positive outside and more negative inside

37
Q

What is the action potential of the axon?

A

+40mV where there is a more negative outside and more positive inside

38
Q

When the axon is at resting potential what helps maintain the -70mV charge?

A

sodium potassium pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
Other negative ions like Cl- and molecules like ATP-
Some K+ Gated Channels are leaky/open so will diffuse out of axon
Most Na+ Gated Channels are closed so will not diffuse back in axon
Active transport takes place

39
Q

When is a membrane polarised?

A

when at resting potential

40
Q

When is a membrane depolarised?

A

after stimuli occurs and threshold passed and the charge inside axon is becoming more positive

41
Q

When is membrane repolarised?

A

after action potential as charge in axon is decreasing

42
Q

When is membrane hyperpolarised?

A

charge of axon has dropped below that of the resting potential

43
Q

For depolarisation to occur what happens?

A

Gated Na+ Channel Opens

44
Q

For repolarisation to occur what happens?

A

Gated K+ channel opens

45
Q

For hyperpolarisation to occur what happens?

A

Gated K+ channels are very slow at closing meaning the charge drops below resting potential and is brought back to resting potential by the sodium potassium pump

46
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

after hyperpolarisation occurs the time it takes for the charge to return to resting potential at -70mV

47
Q

What is the threshold on a membrane potential?

A

the point where if it is reached after stimulus it triggers an action potential

48
Q

What are the parts of the synapse?

A

Pre-synaptic end bulb
Post-synaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft

49
Q

For the signal to pass across the synapse what has to happen to the impulse?

A

change from electrical impulse to chemical impulse

50
Q

What triggers the movement of the vesicles of neurotransmitter?

A

diffusion of calcium ions into the pre-synaptic end bulb

51
Q

How do the vesicles of neurotransmitter exit the pre synaptic end bulb?

A

exocytosis, neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft

52
Q

How does post-synaptic membrane receive transmission?

A

through receptors, which are sodium channels

53
Q

How can neurotransmitter be removed from synaptic cleft/stopped sending transmission?

A

can be reabsorbed - calcium prevented entering and actively transported out
broken down

54
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter?

A

acetyl choline

55
Q

How can acetyl choline be broken down?

A

through enzyme acetylcholinesterase which produces choline and ethanoic acid

56
Q

WHat is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

57
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

regulating the voluntary movements of the body, the somatic nervous system is also responsible for a specific type of involuntary muscle responses known as reflexes, controlled by a neural pathway known as the reflex arc.

58
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collection of neurone connections outside of the central nervous system. Allows for synaptic relays between nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

59
Q

What is the affect of sedatives?

A

inhibits nervous system, fewer action potentials in post-synaptic neurone

60
Q

WHat is the affect of stimulants?

A

stimulates nervous system, allows more action potentials in post-synaptic neurone

61
Q

How do drugs mimicking action of neurotransmitter affect transmission of impulses?

A

drug molecule has same shape as the neurotransmitter and bind to receptors in post-synaptic membrane, increases frequency of depolarisation and impulse generation

62
Q

How do drugs preventing breakdown of neurotransmitter affect transmission of impulses?

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine remains in synaptic cleft, causing repeated firing of impulse in postsynaptic neurone

63
Q

How does nerve gas work?

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase at neuromuscular synapses, generates repeated, uncontrolled contractions of muscles. Can break bones.

64
Q

What are psychoactive drugs?

A

Act primarily on central nervous system, can affect different neurotransmitters or receptors. Alters brain function and e.g. perception, mood, consciousness, behaviour.

65
Q

What is drug tolerance in relation to nicotine?

A

Nicotine mimics acetylcholine stimulates post-synaptic impulses as binds to receptors. Is not broken-down like acetylcholine, remains in the synaptic cleft. Will continue to initiate impulses, but body will become habituated to this drug and thus require more and more to be taken to stimulate the same response. This is drug tolerance.

66
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

a type of glial cell that produces the myelin sheath around neuronal axons in the peripheral nervous system

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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