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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the liver make to help digestion?

A

Bile

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2
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall Bladder

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3
Q

When is bile secreted onto the food?

A

As it’s leaving the stomach and entering the duodenum

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4
Q

What does Bile do?

A

It emulsifies lipids, produces a large surface area and lipid droplets
and provides an alkaline solution to neutralise acidic chyme

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5
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

pancreas

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6
Q

when is lipase secreted?

A

onto the emulsified lipids in the duodenum

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7
Q

what does lipase do?

A

digests ester bonds in the lipids

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8
Q

what bonds do protease enzymes digest?

A

peptide bonds

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9
Q

what do endopeptidases do?

A

digests peptide bonds within the polypeptide leaving di or tri - peptides

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10
Q

what do exopeptidases do?

A

hydrolyse the terminal peptide bonds releasing single amino acids

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11
Q

what is released to aid digestion and maintain a low ph in the stomach and for what?

A

Hydrochloric acid maintains at ph1.5 for proteases to work at their optimum

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12
Q

What is partly digested food called in the stomach?

A

Chyme

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13
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
serosa

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14
Q

what is the structure of the mucosa?

A

Glandular epithelium + connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels. surrounds lumen

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15
Q

what is the structure of the submucosa?

A

connective tissue containing blood and lymph vessels + elastic fibres and collagen

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16
Q

what is the structure of the muscularis externa?

A

circular and longitudinal smooth muscle fibres

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17
Q

what is the structure of the serosa?

A

loose connective tissue

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18
Q

what is digestion?

A

the breakdown of complex, insoluble, organic molecules, into small, simple soluble molecules

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19
Q

what is mechanical digestion?

A

the physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles

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20
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

the hydrolysis of complex molecules into simple soluble molecules - catalysed by enzymes

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21
Q

what is mastication?

A

the mechanical grinding of food into smaller pieces by teeth, chewing

22
Q

what is the purpose of mastication?

A

smaller food particles are easier to swallow
creates a larger surface area for chemical digestion by salivary amylase

23
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

the movement of food down the alimentary canal

24
Q

how does peristalsis occur?

A

brought about by wavelike contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

25
Q

where does the circular muscle contract?

A

behind the bolus

26
Q

where does the longitudinal muscle contract?

A

in front of the bolus

27
Q

what do carbohydrases do?

A

catalyse the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates

28
Q

what do proteases do?

A

catalyse the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins and polypeptides

29
Q

what do lipases do?

A

catatlyse the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides

30
Q

what are the stages of carbohydrate digestion?

A

Starch broken down to dextrins that are broken down into maltose - both in saliva and pancreatic juice
maltose is broken down into glucose - membranes of microvilli of ileum endothelium

31
Q

How is the mouth and buccal cavity involved in carbohydrate digestion?

A

food is masticated and mixed with saliva from salivary glands.

32
Q

what is the optimum ph of the buccal cavity?

A

6.7-7.3

33
Q

what is the optimum ph of the duodenum?

A

7

34
Q

what is the optimum ph of the ileum?

A

Between 7 and 8

35
Q

what is the role of the salivary amylase?

A

Breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars

36
Q

what is the role of the lysozyme?

A

Fighting infections

37
Q

what is the role of the mucus?

A

trapping unwanted substances like bacteria and dust before they can get into the body – particularly the sensitive airways

38
Q

what is the role of the chloride ions?

A

Neuronal signaling

39
Q

what is the role of the chloride ions?

A

Neuronal signalling

40
Q

what is the role of the duodenum?

A

receive secretion from pancreas and liver, Brunner’s glands secrete intestinal alkaline juice to neutralise acidic chyme

41
Q

What is the role of amylase?

A

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that acts on starch in food, breaking it down into smaller carbohydrate molecules

42
Q

What is the role of alkaline salts?

A

digestion and absorption of nutrients and also serve as a means for excretion of several waste products from the blood

43
Q

What is the role of lipase?

A

breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

What is the role of protease?

A

responsible for breaking down proteins into amino acids that our bodies need

45
Q

What is the role of maltase?

A

catalyses the breakdown of a molecule of maltose into two molecules of glucose which can be absorbed into the blood

46
Q

What is the role of lactase?

A

digests lactose

47
Q

What is the role of sucrase?

A

catalysing the hydrolysis of starch, sucrase, and isomaltase, among other dietary carbohydrates

48
Q

what is absorption?

A

the passage of soluble products of digestion into the bloodstream, most occurs in the small intestine

49
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

A

Has villi that has a large surface area, is long (about 5m) also increases surface area

50
Q

what does the mucus do?

A

lubricates food
protects the endothelium from effects of digestive enzymes

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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