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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Populations & Ecosystems > Flashcards

Populations & Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some Carbon stores/sinks in the Carbon cycle

A

coal,oil,gas, soil and organic matter, sedimens and sedimentary rock, ocean surface, deep ocean, atnosphere

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2
Q

What are some processes in carbon cycle

A

weathering and run-off, rock formation, sinking sediment, deep circulation, carbon dioxide exchange, burning(e.g. forest fires), burning fossil fuels, respiration, decay, feeding, photosynthesis

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3
Q

How does deforestation impact the carbon cycle?

A

removes a carbon reservoir, burning releases more to the atmosphere, removes lots of plants which through photo synthesis removes Carbon (CO2)

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4
Q

How does the burning of fossil fuels impact the carbon cycle?

A

releases lots of greenhouse gases, and is a leader in climate change

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5
Q

How does global warming impact the carbon cycle?

A

Higher temperatures mean more evaporation so less carbon stored in the ocean = more in atmosphere
more dissolved into oceans at the poles (melting ice) making it more acidic

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6
Q

how does carbon moves through a food chain or web?

A

the production of carbohydrates, proteins and fats by autotrophs
plant growth
consumption - consumer feeds on another plant or animal it uses the proteins carbohydrates and fats for energy and for raw materials
consumer growth through complex food webs

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7
Q

how is the carbon cycle important in climate change and the greenhouse effect?

A

carbon sinks (fossil fuels) and (forests) release carbon from human impact
combustion increased releases carbon
removing plants reduces photosynthesis
more carbon absorbed by oceans = acidification
all increase global temperatures and a change in ocean currents/climates

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8
Q

what are some examples of decomposers?

A

detrivores, fungi, bacteria, protists

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9
Q

what is fragmentation?

A

initial stage of decomposition, breakdown of detritus into smaller pieces by detrivores

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10
Q

what is leaching?

A

When water-soluble substances are washed out from the soil, like nutrients, fertilisers or pesticides

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11
Q

what is catabolism?

A

the conversion of detritus into simpler inorganic compounds. This process is carried out by various fungal and bacterial enzymes

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12
Q

what is humification?

A

the process of formation of a dark-coloured layer of soil called humus. It cannot be decomposed easily as it is highly resistant to the action of microbes. The layer of humus is very rich in nutrients as it provides high fertility to the soil

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13
Q

what is mineralisation?

A

final stage of decomposition, degradation of the hummus to release inorganic nutrients

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14
Q

What are the ammonium ions (NH4+) formed in putrefaction converted by, via, and to?

A

Converted by nitrification, via nitrites (NO2-) to nitrates (NO3-)

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15
Q

What bacteria converts ammonium ions to nitrite, under what conditions?

A

Nitrosomonas, under aerobic conditions

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16
Q

What bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate, under what conditions?

A

Nitrobacter, under aerobic conditions

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17
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The biological process by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia

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18
Q

What plant type and where are rhizobium found?

A

Legumes, in root nodules

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19
Q

Explain the symbiotic relationship between rhizobium and the legumes

A

Rhizobium use nitrogenase enzyme to split triple bond in nitrogen gas and covert into ammonia and then amino acids which the plant uses for growth.
in return, Rhizobium gains a stable internal environment and utilises glucose made from photosynthesis by the plant

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20
Q

How do Legumes attract rhizobium?

A

they make leghaemoglobin which binds to oxygen in plant roots, this attracts rhizobium from the soil into the plant roots, leghaemoglobin is a pinky pigment seen in leguminous roots

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21
Q

What is excretion?

A

the process of removing nitrogenous waste from an organism

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22
Q

what is a legume?

A

a plant which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates (peas,beans,clover,gorse)

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23
Q

what is a nodule?

A

root organ in which rhizobium inhabitat

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24
Q

what is dentrification?

A

nitrogen is lost from an ecosystem

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25
Q

what is putrefaction?

A

decomposition of organisms and waste

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26
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms of a single species interbreeding and occupying a particular area

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27
Q

What causes increases and decreases in population size?

A

Births and immigration increase the population
Deaths and emigration decrease the population

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28
Q

WWhat is a community?

A

A group of interacting organisms sharing an environment

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29
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A physical environment where a particular population or community are found

30
Q

What is a biotic factor? + examples?

A

A living component, Autotrophs(producers), Heterotrophs(consumers), Detrivores(decomposers)

31
Q

What is an abiotic factor?

A

A non living component

32
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The place where an organism is found and its role

33
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

34
Q

What is the lag phase (on a graph of growth)?

A

Little or no cell multiplication or growth
A period of adaptation/acclimatisation/preparation for growth
Intense metabolic activity, especially enzyme synthesis, finding carbon source/ finding food

35
Q

What is the exponential phase (on a graph of growth)?

A

The population increases rapidly
As the numbers increase more individuals become available for reproduction

36
Q

What is the stationary phase (on a graph of growth)?

A

Population growth enters this phase when birth rate is equal to deat h rate
The population has reached its maximum size called carrying capacity

37
Q

What is the death phase (on a graph of growth)? why might it occur?

A

When death rate is greater than birth rate
May occur when all the food in a nutrient solution has been used up

38
Q

What are some examples of density dependent factors (effect carrying capacity)?

A

Accumulation of toxic waste, Disease, Parasitism, Food supply

39
Q

What is a density independent factor (with examples)?

A

Effects all animals and plants no matter what population size/density (freezing,flood,fire - sudden changes in an abiotic factor)

40
Q

what are fluctuations in the size of a population called?

A

population oscillations - usually consequence of weather patterns

41
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

competition between individuals of the same species

42
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

competition between individuals of different species

43
Q

In an ecological pyramid why do the numbers in the food chain decrease when the chain goes up?

A

Because energy is converted/lost in respiration, movement, chemical reactions, investment in reproduction, egestion and sound

44
Q

what is a carnivore?

A

eats meat

45
Q

what is a herbivore?

A

eats vegetable matter

46
Q

what is an omnivore?

A

eats both meat and vegetable matter

47
Q

what is a saprotroph?

A

feed from something dead or decaying

48
Q

what is a decomposer?

A

organisms like some bacteria and fungi involved in the decomposition process

49
Q

what is a producer?

A

generally a photosynthesising plant but could be chemosynthetic bacteria

50
Q

what is a consumer?

A

an organism that cannot synthesise its own food and is obliged to eat something else to obtain nutrients

51
Q

what is a predator?

A

an organism that actively hunts and kills its food

52
Q

what is a parasite?

A

an organism that passively obtains nutrients from a host over a relatively long time period

53
Q

what is succession?

A

the change in structure and species composition of a community over time

54
Q

what is a community?

A

all the living organism in an ecosystem

55
Q

what is primary succession?

A

introduction of plants/animals into areas that have not previously been colonised

56
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

occurs on an area which has previously had vegetation on it, natural interuption

57
Q

what is a sere?

A

a stage in succession

58
Q

what is a climatic climax?

A

stable and in equilibrium with climatic conditions
in Britain = mixed deciduous woodland

59
Q

what is a disclimax?

A

a deflected climax community, often caused by land management, grazing burning, mowing, research coppicing with standards, deforestation

60
Q

When can a quadrat be used?

A

if a habitat is uniform

61
Q

When can a transect be used?

A

if the habitat is not uniform (e.g. with a gradient)

62
Q

What are the types of transect?

A

line or belt transect

63
Q

What is abundance?

A

the number of individuals of one given species in a given area

64
Q

How can plants be recorded?

A

in density/m^2 (actual number counted)
in percentage cover

65
Q

What is random sampling?

A

when you make no conscious decision about where samples are taken. Use random coordinates within a defined sample area.

66
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

You decide where to take samples and take them at regular intervals within the area

67
Q

How can percentage cover be recorded?

A

estimatation, trying to give rough idea of what it would be if pushed together

68
Q

How do you avoid bias in sampling?

A

generate a random sample, forming grid and coordinates and randomly selecting coordinates

69
Q

How do you measure abundance of mobile organisms?

A

capture-mark-remark experiments
kick sampling in a stream and counting aquatic invertabrates

70
Q
A

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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