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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions which release chemical energy from organic molecules in order to synthesise ATP

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2
Q

what is decarboxylation?

A

the removal of a carboxyl group to release Carbon Dioxide

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3
Q

what is dehydrogenation?

A

the removal of hydrogen

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4
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Where does Link reaction occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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6
Q

where does Krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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7
Q

where is the electron transport chain

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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8
Q

What are the products of glycolysis of glucose(6C)?

A

2 * Pyruvate (3C)
2 net ATP and 2 Reduced NAD

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9
Q

How many ATP are used in glycolysis?

A

2

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10
Q

What happens to pyruvate(3C) in link reaction and what does it form?

A

Pyruvate(3C) is decarboxylated to form acetate and dehydrogenated to reduce NAD

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11
Q

What does the acetyl group (from decarboxylation of pyruvate) combine with and form?

A

Acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA(2C)

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12
Q

What does Acetyl CoA(2C)combine with and form in the KRebs Cycle

A

acetyl CoA(2C) combines with oxaloacetate (OAA)(4C) to form Citrate(6C)

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13
Q

What is regenerated for the link reaction during KRebs Cycle?

A

Coenzyme A

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14
Q

What happens to citrate (6C) and what does it form?

A

citrate is decarboxylated to form a-ketoglutarate

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15
Q

in krebs cycle turn between 5C and 4C molecules what is formed?

A

1 ATP, exothermic energy is released

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16
Q

what do dehydrogenations produce per turn?

A

3 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD

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17
Q

what is dehydrogenation?

A

removal of hydrogen, usually from an organic molecule

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18
Q

How many ATP is produced for one molecule of glucose in a link reaction?

A

0 ATP

19
Q

How many ATP is produced for one molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle

A

1 ATP for each pyruvate
so total of 2 per glucose molecule (as pyruvate is produced twice through link reaction of 1 glucose

20
Q

How many Reduced NAD is produced for one molecule of glucose in Link reaction?

A

2
1 per cycle, cycle occurs twice per glucose

21
Q

How many Reduced NAD is produced for one molecule of glucose in Krebs Cycle?

A

6 Reduced NAD
3 per pyruvate molecule
1 glucose forms 2 pyruvate

22
Q

How many reduced FAD produced for one molecule of glucose in link reaction?

A

0

23
Q

How many Reduced FAD are produced for one molecule of glucose in krebs cycle?

A

2 reduced FAD
1 per pyruvate
2 pyruvate produced from a glucose molecule

24
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced for one molecule of glucose in the link reaction?

A

2
1 per cycle. cycle occurs twice for one glucose molecule

25
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced for one molecule of glucose in the krebs cycle?

A

4 Carbon dioxide molecules
2 per Pyruvate
2 pyruvate produced from one glucose molecule in link reaction

26
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis of glucose?

A

4 ATP molecules produced - 2 used
therefore net 2 molecules

27
Q

How many reduced NAD molecules are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A

2

28
Q

How many reduced FAD are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A

0

29
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A

0

30
Q

What do Reduced NAD and FAD carry?

A

hydrogen (electrons and protons)

31
Q

Where can the coenzymes reduced NAD And FAD bind?

A

bind to the proteins of the electron transport chain, and transfer there electrons and protons

32
Q

What happens when an organism anaerobically expires?

A

only glycolysis takes place

33
Q

What happens if only glycolysis occurs in an organism?

A

there will be a build up of Pyruvate and all of the NAD’s will get reduced and can’t be used again.
Glycolysis will then come to a halt, respiration would stop and the organism would die.

34
Q

What needs to be made and released to allow glycolysis to continue?

A

Hydrogen rich intermediates which release oxidised NAD

35
Q

What is the Mammal intermediate?

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid/lactate

36
Q

What is the yeast intermediate?

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated to make ethanal/acetaldehyde, and then reduced to make ethanol (and carbon dioxide)

37
Q

What is yeast anaerobic respiration also called?

A

fermentation

38
Q

How can long fatty acid chains be used in respiration?

A

can be split into 2C fragments which enter the pathway as acetyl coenzyme A (enters Krebs Cycle)

39
Q

How can glycerol be used in respiration?

A

converted to a 3C sugar and enters the Krebs cycle

40
Q

How can proteins be used in respiration?

A

broken down into amino acids and deaminated (removal of NH2). The remaining molecule is an organic acid which can be fed into the Krebs Cycle

41
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

organisms that must have oxygen for respiration or they die

42
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

yeast and some bacteria prefer to aerobically respire but can respire anaerobically

43
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

must respire without oxygen, oxygen kills them

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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