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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > ATP > Flashcards

ATP Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed but may be converted from one form to another

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to do ‘work’

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4
Q

What major processes require energy?

A

Muscle Contraction
Active transport
Synthesis of organic molecules
nerve transmission

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5
Q

In which molecules internal membranes is ATP produced?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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6
Q

What enzyme is needed to hydrolyse ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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7
Q

When ATP is hydrolysed what is produced?

A

ADP + Pi

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8
Q

What does ATP allow active transport to do?

A

enable movement of specific ions or molecules across protein pumps

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9
Q

In Chemiosmotic theory electrons flow through a series of carriers what are they called?

A

The Electron Transport Chain

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10
Q

What is pumped into the intermembrane space? via what?

A

Protons via proton pumps

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11
Q

how do protons flow across the membranes?

A

down a concentration gradient through stalked particles

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12
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

the movement of an ion through a semi-permeable membrane

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13
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of ADP + Pi from ATP?

A

Exothermic

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14
Q

Why is ATP not stored?

A

a highly active cell may use 2 million per second, so no need to store it

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15
Q

Compare ATP structure with that of a DNA nucleotide

A

ATP is triphosphate (has 3 phosphates) DNA nucleotide only 1
ATP has base Adenine, DNA nucleotide can have bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine
ATP has sugar ribose, DNA nucleotide has sugar Deoxyribose

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16
Q

What is ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

17
Q

How much energy is released when a phosphoanhydride bond is broken?

A

30.6 KJ mol/bond

18
Q

What is Pi?

A

Inorganic Phosphate

19
Q

What is AMP?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate

20
Q

What happens in cell respiration?

A

ADP and Pi are recombined to form ATP

21
Q

What type of reaction is the recombination of ADP and Pi? What bond is formed?

A

endothermic, requires energy to form phosphoanhydride bond

22
Q

What is the addition of phosphate to a molecule called?

A

Phosphorylation

23
Q

What makes up a hydrogen atom?

A

a single proton and electron

24
Q

How does hydrogen contribute to ATP production?

A

energy released from H+ and e- moving goes to make ATP

25
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

across the internal membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts

26
Q

Compare Photosynthesis and Respiration

A

Both produce ATP
Respiration converts Glucose and Oxygen into Carbon Dioxide and Water and ATP
Photosynthesis converts Carbon dioxide and Water into Glucose and Oxygen and ATP
In photosynthesis ATP is generated through light energy to form organic molecules
In respiration ATP is obtained through the breakdown of organic molecules

27
Q

Compare breakdown of ATP to glucose

A

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involves a single reaction
Breakdown of glucose involves several steps
Only one enzyme is needed to hydrolyse ATP (ATP synthase)
Many enzymes needed to break down glucose

28
Q

Compare energy release from ATP with glucose

A

ATP releases small ‘packets’ of energy, where and when needed
glucose releases large amounts of energy, some of which may be lost as heat
ATP provides a common source of energy for all chemical reactions in all cells, for all living organisms

29
Q

Compare glucose and ATP’s ability to pass through a membrane

A

ATP is soluble and can pass between cell organelles.
Glucose requires an intrinsic protein

30
Q

What are the roles of ATP?

A

synthesis of polymers
active transport
muscle contraction
nerve transmission
exocytosis

31
Q

What does active transport enable?

A

movement of specific ions or molecules across protein pumps

32
Q

How is ATP involved in nerve transmission?

A

Provides energy for active transport of ions across the nerve cell membrane via Na+/K+ pump

33
Q

What is ATP production in mitochondria called?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

34
Q

What is ATP production in chloroplasts called?

A

Photophosphorylation

35
Q

Describe the 5 steps in the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis

A
  1. electrons flow through the electron transport chain (carriers in membrane
  2. energy released is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space (via proton pumps)
  3. this raises the proton concentration in the intermembrane space
  4. protons flow across the membranes down a concentration gradient through the enzyme ATP synthetase (stalked particles)
  5. energy released is used to synthesise ATP from ADP & Pi

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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