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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

How many cell membranes does a chloroplast have? names?

A

3, outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane

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2
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic as a result of the fixation & reduction of carbon dioxide using light energy

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3
Q

What type of nutrition is photosynthesis?

A

Autotrophic nutrition

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4
Q

What does photosynthesis occur in?

A

All plants, many protoctists, some prokaryotes (bacteria)

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5
Q

Where do light dependent reactions take place?

A

Thylakoid Membrane

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6
Q

Where do light independent reactions take place?

A

Stroma

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7
Q

Why is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

for maximum light absorption

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8
Q

why are the long sides of palisade cells exposed to intercellular spaces?

A

for rapid uptake of carbon dioxide

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9
Q

why do palisade cells have thin cell walls?

A

so there is a short diffusion pathway

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10
Q

Why are palisade cells columnar shaped?

A

so the cross wall effect is reduced and therefore maximum light penetration is obtained

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11
Q

what does the cytoplasm of palisade cell contain lots of? and why?

A

Chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis

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12
Q

What colour does chlorophyll show?

A

green

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13
Q

what colour does carotenes show?

A

reds

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14
Q

what colour does xanthophylls show?

A

yellows

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15
Q

what are the absorbance peaks of chlorophyll a?

A

420 & 660

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16
Q

what are the absorbance peaks of chlorophyll b?

A

435 & 643

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17
Q

what is the absorbance peaks of ß carotenes?

A

425 to 480

18
Q

what is the function of pigments?

A

to absorb light energy

19
Q

why are there so many pigment types?

A

to enable absorption of light energy from a wider range of wavelengths

20
Q

what does an absorption spectrum show?

A

the wavelengths of light energy absorbed by pigments

21
Q

what does an action spectrum show?

A

the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths

22
Q

what is chromotography?

A

technique used to separate substances in a mixture, relies on molecular size and solubility in solvent, small molecules/more suluble move faster/further

23
Q

what is the equation for r.f. values?

A

(distance moved by substance) / (distance moved by solvent front)

24
Q

what do light dependent reactions produce?

A

ATP by cyclic & non-cyclic photophosphorylation, reduced NADP

25
Q

What do light independent reactions form by reducing & fixing carbon dioxide?

A

carbohydrate

26
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

Oxidation Is Loss of electrons Reduction Is Gain of electrons

27
Q

What are the 2 types of pigments in Photosystems (PS) I and II?

A

Primary pigments and Accessory pigments

28
Q

What are primary pigments?

A

2 types both specialised forms of chlorophyll a, P680 in PSII with absorbance peak at 680nm, and P700 in PSI with absorbance peak at 700nm

29
Q

what are accessory pigments?

A

all other pigments, enable trapping of light energy from a wide range of wavelengths, energy from these is passed on to primary pigments

30
Q

what does cyclic phosphorylation produce and which photosystem is used?

A

produces ATP, involves photosystem I only

31
Q

what does non-cyclic photophosphorylation produce and involves which process/photosystems?

A

produces ATP, reduced NADP, and oxygen
involves photosystem I and photosystem II, and the photoslysis of water

32
Q

What are 4 similarities between Photophosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Electrons are passed through membrane bound carriers in a series of redox reactions
energy released from the electrons moving causes proton pumps to pump H+ into the thylakoid lumen
this causes an increase in H+ concentration in the thylakoid lumen
H+ flow from the lumen into the stroma through facilitated protein channels associated with ATP synthetase

33
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carboxylation (1st: C fixation)
Phosphorylation(using ATP + Reduction(using reduced NADP)
Glucose synthesis from triose phosphate
Regeneration of Ribulose biphosphate

34
Q

What happens during carboxylation in calvin cycle?

A

ribulose biphosphate fixes Carbon dioxide into 2 x glycerate 3-phosphate

35
Q

What is used during photophosphorylation and reduction in calvin cycle? what happens?

A

Photophosphorylation uses ATP and Reduction uses reduced NADP
Glycerate 3-phosphate coverted to triose phosphate

36
Q

What happens during regeneration in calvin cycle?

A

Ribulose biphosphate regenerated from triose phosphate using ATP

37
Q

What is Blackman’s law?

A

When the rate of a process is governed by a number of factors the overall rate will be limited by the factor with the lowest quantity

38
Q

What are 5 environmental factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light Wavelength
Light Intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration
temperature
water availability

39
Q

What is Gross Photosynthesis?

A

total amount of Carbon dioxide fixed into carbohydrate

40
Q

what is the equation for net photosynthesis?

A

gross photosynthesis - respiration

41
Q

what is compensation point?

A

when carbon dioxide fixed in photosynthesis = carbon dioxide released by respiration

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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