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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Human Sexual Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Open ovulation where does the secondary oocyte move to?

A

from the ovary to the fallopian tubes (oviducts)

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2
Q

What is the lumen of the fallopian tube lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium

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3
Q

where does fertilisation take place?

A

fallopian tubes

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4
Q

What is capacitation?

A

when the sperm is activated by a change to the membrane surrounding the acrosome

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5
Q

How long do sperm remain viable for?

A

12-48 hours

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6
Q

What is the secondary oocyte?

A

name for the egg released at ovulation
suspended in metaphase II
Will complete meiosis II and become an ovum when sperm penetrates it.

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7
Q

When is the acrosome reaction stimulated?

A

as the head of the sperm binds to the cells of the zona pellucida around the oocyte

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8
Q

what does the acrosome release?

A

Hydrolytic proteases?

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9
Q

What do the hydrolytic proteases do?

A

act on the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida to soften them and allow the sperm head to penetrate

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10
Q

What other type of enzymes are also secreted by sperm?

A

Hyaluronidase enzymes

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11
Q

What does the head of the sperm form to pierce through the softened egg cell?

A

protein needle-like filament

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12
Q

What happens when the sperm binds to the egg’s membrane?

A

stimulates a change in the zona pellucida which modifies and thickens to form an impenetrable barrier called the ‘fertilisation membrane’

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13
Q

What is a cortical reaction?

A

exocytosis (release) of the cortical granules also leads to fertilisation

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14
Q

Where are cortical granules found?

A

In oocytes

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15
Q

what is formed when the sperm and ovum fuse?

A

A diploid zygote

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16
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Early stage of the embryo, the zygote undergoes mitosis to form a hollow ball of cells (blastocyst)

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17
Q

When does the blastocyst embed into the endometrium?

A

after about 3 days

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18
Q

What 2 layers does the trophoblast develop into?

A

The chorion and the amnion

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19
Q

What is the chorion?

A

forms finger like projections called chorionic villi which will form the placenta
Secretes human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG)

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20
Q

What do chorionic villi do?

A

increase surface area for absorption from uterus

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21
Q

What does Human Chorionic gonadotrophin do?

A

maintains the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone (maintaining pregnancy)

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22
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

the old follicle cells left behind in the ovary after ovulation

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23
Q

What hormone us used to detect pregnancy in pregnancy tests

A

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin)

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the ovary?

A

approximately 40mm long
over 200000 specialised cells
only 1% of primary follicles will become secondary oocytes

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25
Q

What is the function of the urethra in males?

A

carry either semen or urine

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26
Q

what is the function of the urethra in females?

A

carry urine

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27
Q

What is the bladder?

A

a muscular membranous sac in the abdomen which receives urine from the kidneys and stores it for excretion

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28
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

glands along the bladder base that produce fluid that makes up semen

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29
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

secretes prostate fluid which is a component of semen

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30
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

thick-walled tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis

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31
Q

What is the epipidymis?

A

a coiled tube in three sections, where the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation

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32
Q

what is the testicle?

A

either of the two oval organs that produce sperm in men and other male mammals, enclosed in the scrotum behind the penis

33
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle and produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)

34
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

known as nurse or helper cells, as they aid in the progression of spermatogenesis by releasing chemical compounds necessary for sperm production.

35
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule?

A

located in the testes, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa

36
Q

In spermatogenesis how many cells are made?

A

4 all with equal distribution of cytoplasm

37
Q

Are cells of the germinal epithelium haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

38
Q

What process do the germinal epithelium cells divide by and form what? (spermatogenesis)

A

divide by mitosis and form diploid spermatogonia and more germinal epithelium cells

39
Q

What then happens to these spermatogonia? (spermatogenesis)

A

they divide by mitosis, making more spermatogonia
some enlarge making diploid primary spermatocytes

40
Q

What process do these primary spermatocytes then undergo? (spermatogenesis)

A

meiosis I (1) making secondary spermatocytes, which are haploid

41
Q

What process do these secondary spermatocytes then undergo? (spermatogenesis)

A

meiosis II (2) making haploid spermatids

42
Q

What then happens to spermatids? (spermatogenesis)

A

They mature into spermatozoa (sperm)

43
Q

What are the parts of a sperm structure?

A

The Acrosome (head) contains haploid nucleus
Middle Piece
The Flagellum (tail)

44
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

contains enzymes used at fertilisation (gamete fusion, binding to and penetration of the zona pellucida)

45
Q

What does the middle piece of spermatozoa contain and what is it’s function?

A

is packed with mitochondria which provide ATP for movement.

46
Q

What is the function of the flagellum of spermatozoa?

A

makes lashing movements that move the sperm, although sperm are not motile (capable of motion) until they have been modified in the epididymis

47
Q

Before birth, in developing foetus, What do the cells of the germinal epithelium in the ovary divide by and to form? (oogenesis)

A

divide by mitosis
form diploid oogonia and more germinal epithelium cells

48
Q

what then happens to the oogonia? (oogenesis)

A

divide many times by mitosis and enlarge, making diploid primary oocytes and oogonia

49
Q

what then happens to the primary oocytes? (oogenesis)

A

they begin meiosis I (1) but stops; a girl is born with millions of primary oocytes at prophase 1 (I) in her ovaries

50
Q

After birth, during early development, what happens to the germinal epithelium cells? (oogenesis)

A

divide to form diploid follicles, which surround the primary oocytes, making primary follicles

51
Q

From puberty onwards what happens to the follicles? (oogenesis)

A

hormones are released and stimulate the primary follicles to develop further

52
Q

When does a primary oocyte complete meiosis I (1)? (oogenesis)

A

just before ovulation

53
Q

What happens when a primary oocyte completes meiosis I (1)? (oogenesis)

A

makes a haploid secondary oocyte (contains most of the cytoplasm) and a haploid polar body (smaller cell)

54
Q

What does the primary follicle develop into? (after puberty) (oogenesis)

A

a secondary follicle which matures into a graafian follicle

55
Q

What happens to cells in ovulation? (oogenesis)

A

Each month several primary follicles start to develop, normally only one matures into a fully developed graafian follicle. This then migrates to the surface of the ovary where it bursts and releases a secondary oocyte

56
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte after ovulation? (oogenesis)

A

begins meiosis II (2), but stops at metaphase II (2) unless fertilisation takes place

57
Q

What happens after fertilisation? (oogenesis)

A

meiosis Ii (2) is completed, making an ovum containing most of the cytoplasm. and a polar body

58
Q

What happens to the graafian follicle after ovulation?

A

it becomes the corpus luteum, if fertilisation occurs it produces hormones, if not it regresses

59
Q

What surrounds the cell membrane of the secondary oocyte? (oogenesis) (post ovulation)

A

a glycoprotein layer called the zona pellucida

60
Q

What stage of meiosis are the chromosomes of the secondary oocyte at? (oogenesis)

A

metaphase II (2), at the equator, attached to microtubules that make the spindle apparatus

61
Q

What do cortical granules do?

A

prevent the entry of more than one sperm

62
Q

What does the corona radiata do?

A

surrounds secondary oocyte and provides nutrients

63
Q

What is capacitation? (fertilisation)

A

the removal of cholesterol and glycoproteins from the cell membrane over the acrosome in the sperm head

64
Q

How does the spermatozoa change during capacitation?

A

the membrane of acrosome becomes more fluid and more permeable to calcium ions,
the tail motion changes to a whipping movement, increasing sperm motility

65
Q

How long does the sperm take to respond to the oocyte’s chemoattractants?

A

5 minutes, for sperm to respond and begin to swim through the cervix to the uterus of the oviduct

66
Q

How long can sperm remain viable for?

A

2-5 days

67
Q

When are sperm most fertile?

A

12-24 hours after ejaculation

68
Q

How long after ovulation will a secondary oocyte remain viable in the oviduct for?

A

about 24 hours

69
Q

How many sperm on average reach the secondary oocyte in the oviduct?

A

only about 200 of the millions that are deposited

70
Q

What do the enzymes released by the acrosome do?

A

digest the cells of the corona radiata, then acrosome reaches zona pellucida

71
Q

When the acrosome reaches the zona pellucida what happens?

A

the acrosome membrane ruptures and releases more enzymes (a protease ,acrosin) which hydrolyses the zona pellucida around the secondary oocyte

72
Q

What happens upon entry of the sperm head?

A

the cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm fuse and the head of the sperm sinks into the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte, which is now called an ovum

73
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

fusion of cortical granule membranes with the oocyte cell membrane, releasing the contents, which convert the zona pellucida into a fertilisation membrane

74
Q

What does the fertilisation membrane prevent?

A

polyspermy (entry of additional sperm)

75
Q

What does entry of the sperm also stimulate the end of?

A

meiosis II (2) of the ovum nucleus. divides and expels second polar body

76
Q

What happens within about 24 hours of fertilisation?

A

the first mitosis combines the genetic material of the parents to make the diploid cells of the embryo. The sperm chromosomes join the ovum chromosomes on the cell’s equator. The cell is now a zygote

77
Q

How many cells produced in first mitotic division? what is it called?

A

2 an embryo (until organ development around week 10)

78
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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