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Biology > Transport > Flashcards

Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is diffusion

A

the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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2
Q

What four things affect diffusion and osmosis

A

Temperature
Concentration gradient
Distance
Surface Area : Volume

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3
Q

How does Concentration Gradient affect diffusion and osmosis

A

If there is a very large difference between two areas, particles will diffuse more rapidly.

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4
Q

How does distance affect osmosis and diffusion

A

diffusion takes longer if the particles have to travel further

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5
Q

HOW DOES SURFACE AREA : VOLUME RATIO AFFECT RATE OF DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

A

a larger surface area speeds up the rate of diffusion as there are more opportunities for the molecules to move. it is also very effective when paired with a small volume which means the particles don’t have to travel very far

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6
Q

what is osmosis

A

the net diffusion of free water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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7
Q

what is water potential

A

the measure of the concentration of free water molecules in a solution.

pure water has a water potential of 0. as solute is added, water potential will fall

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8
Q

what is an isotonic solution (in relation to cells and osmosis)

A

when the solution outside the cell has the same water potential as the inside of the cell (no net movement)

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9
Q

what is a hypOtonic solution (in relation to cells and osmosis)

A

when the solution outside the cell has a higher water potential as the inside of the cell (net movement into cell)

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10
Q

what is a hypERtonic solution (in relation to cells and osmosis)

A

when the solution outside the cell has a lower water potential as the inside of the cell (net movement out of the cell)

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11
Q

what is Active Transport

A

the transport of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using ATP

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12
Q

how does active transport work

A

the organism uses special carrier proteins in the cell membrane. These use ATP to provide the energy to move the substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient

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13
Q

what is a plasmolysed cell

A

one whose water has all left the cell by osmosis

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14
Q

how to investigate how Surface area affects diffusion using Agar cubes

A
  • collect agar cubes of different sizes
  • cubes contain alkali and an indicator
  • place them in an acid
  • as the acid diffuses into the cube it reacts with the alkali
  • this neutralisation turns the indicator colourless

the smaller cubes will react faster

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15
Q

how to investigate osmosis using potato pieces

A
  • potato pieces can be placed in sucrose or salt solutions of varying concentration
  • measure the change in mass
  • if the potato gains mass, it had a lower water potential than the solution originally
  • if there is no change in mass, the water potential of the potato is the same as that of the solution
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16
Q

how to investigate osmosis using visking tubing

A
  • fill visking tubing with different concentration sucrose solutions
  • weigh their initial mass
  • place them in a beaker full of water
  • measure the change in mass
  • if the tubing gains mass, it had a lower water potential originally than the water
  • if there is no change in mass, the water potential of the solution is the same as that of the water
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17
Q

what is the role of the xylem

A

to transport water and mineral ions from the roots to other parts of the plant

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18
Q

how does the xylem transport the water

A

COHESION THEORY - the water particles have a slight force of attraction (called cohesion) so that as water evaporates out the top, the particles are drawn up with it.
These leaves a low water potential at the bottom again so that the water will once again diffuse in

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19
Q

how is water absorbed into the root hair cells

A

there is a high water potential in the soil (from rain) so osmosis occurs to transport the particles into the root hair cell with the lower water potential. This is made quicker due to the large surface area which allows for more rapid diffusion

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20
Q

what is transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from the surface of the plant

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21
Q

what 4 things affect the rate of transpiration

A
  • humidity
  • wind speed
  • temperature
  • light intensity
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22
Q

what is the xylem made out of

A

dead, hollow cells

23
Q

where in the plant does the xylem transport water and mineral ions from and to

A

from the roots to the leaves

24
Q

how is the xylem specifically adapted to transport water

A

cell wall contains lignin which is waterproof

25
Q

what is the phloem made out of

A

living cells

26
Q

what is translocation

A

the transport of substances in the phloem through the use of energy

27
Q

what does the phloem transport and where

A
  • sucrose
  • amino acids
    from the leaves to the growing points or the storage areas
28
Q

how are the tubes formed in the xylem and the phloem

A

by cells arranged end to end

29
Q

in which directions can the xylem and the phloem carry particles

A

xylem - one way = up

phloem - two ways = up and down

30
Q

how is the rate of transpiration affected by high humidity

A

rate of transpiration will decrease

when the atmosphere is humid it means it contains a lot of water molecules. this reduces the water potential gradient between the atmosphere and the air spaces in the leaf

31
Q

how is the rate of transpiration affected by high wind speeds

A

rate of transpiration will increase

wind disperses the water vapour quickly, increasing the water potential gradient between the atmosphere and the air spaces

32
Q

in what two ways is the rate of transpiration affected by high temperatures

A

rate of transpiration will increase

increasing temp, increased kinetic energy of water molecules so rate of diffusion increases.
in addition, the air at higher temperatures is able to hold more water molecules. we say the relative humidity is lower

33
Q

how is the rate of transpiration affected by high light intensity

A

rate of transpiration will increase

light itself does not affect evaporation however in daylight the stomata open to supply more carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. this means that more water can be lost

34
Q

four functions of the transpiration stream

A
  • carry mineral ions to the leaves for the synthesis of amino acids and chlorophyll
  • evaporation cools the leaves
  • supplies water for photosynthesis
  • to keep the turgor pressure high in leaf cells, holding the leaves up
35
Q

why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell

A

Its surface area is large compared to its volume , so nutrients and other substances can pass quickly through the membrane and around its ‘body’.

36
Q

why do multicellular organisms have to have transport systems rather than just relying on diffusion

A

it has a small surface area to volume ratio

37
Q

what four things comprise blood

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • white blood cells
38
Q

what are the two different types of white blood cells

A
  • phagocytes

- lymphocytes

39
Q

what is the role of a phagocyte

A
  • to engulf and digest pathogens
40
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism which causes disease

41
Q

what is the role of a lymphocyte

A

to make and release antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens

42
Q

what is the structure of a lymphocyte

A

a cell with a very large nucleus

43
Q

what is the structure of a phagocyte

A

a larger cell (then the lymphocytes) with a multi-lobed nucleus

44
Q

what is the purpose of a red blood cell

A

to transport oxygen, bound to haemoglobin

45
Q

what does plasma look like

A

a straw coloured liquid

46
Q

what is the purpose of plasma

A

to transport blood cells and many other substances including dissolved nutrients, waste products, hormones, proteins, heat energy

47
Q

what is the purpose of platelets and how does it work

A

they release chemicals when exposed to air which cause soluble fibrinogen to be converted to insoluble fibrin. the fibrin forms a mesh which traps platelets and red blood cells

48
Q

what are the vessels that go to and from the kidneys called

A

renal artery

renal vein

49
Q

what are the vessels that go to and from the liver called

A

hepatic artery

hepatic vein

50
Q

what is the vessel that takes blood towards the gut called

A

mesenteric artery

51
Q

what is the vessel that takes blood away from the gut called and where does it go

A

hepatic portal vein

goes straight to the liver whereas all the others (that we learn) go straight to the heart

52
Q

why is nitrogen important

A

it is a key building block of DNA and is also essential to plant growth

53
Q

what are the two types of white blood cell

A

lymphocyte

phagocyte

Biology (22 decks)

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