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Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is fertilisation

A

the fusion of haploid male and female gametes, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes in the zygote which then undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

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2
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

A
  • S = genetically varied offspring
    A = genetically identical offspring
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3
Q

what does sexual reproduction involve

A

sexual reproduction involves the joining of two sex cells or gametes during fertilization

organisms produced by sexual reproduction have two parents and are genetically similar to both but not identical to either

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4
Q

what does asexual reproduction involve and produce

A

involves only one parent so there is no joining of sex cells during fertilisation

organisms produced are genetically identical to each other and their parent - they are clones

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5
Q

what are the three ways an organism can naturally asexually reproduce

A
  • runners (a new plant is produced where the runner touches the ground)
  • tubers (one plant can produce many tubers which can each grow many shoots which form new plants)
  • bulbs
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6
Q

what is an artificial method of reproducing asexually

A

cuttings

a piece of the plant’s stem, with a few leaves attached, is cut from a healthy plant. this is planted in damp compost where it will grow roots and develop into a new plant

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7
Q

where is the stamen in a wind pollinated plant and why

A

exposed outside of the petals - to release pollen grains easier

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8
Q

where is the stamen in an insect pollinated plant and why

A

enclosed within flower - so insects must make contact in order to get to the nectar

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9
Q

where is the stigma in a wind pollinated plant and what is it like. Why?

A

exposed and often feathery - forms a network to catch pollen grains drifting by

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10
Q

where is the stigma in an insect pollinated plant and what is it like. Why?

A

enclosed and sticky - pollen grains tick to it as insects brush past

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11
Q

what are the petals like in a wind pollinated plant

A

small and often green

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12
Q

what are the petals like in an insect pollinated plant

A

large and brightly coloured

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13
Q

what is the nectar like in a wind pollinated plant

A

absent

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14
Q

what is the nectar like in an insect pollinated plant

A

present - produce sugary fluid to attract insects

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15
Q

what is a stamen

A

the word for both the anther and the filament

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16
Q

what is the stigma

A

the top of the big green bit in the middle

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17
Q

what does the anther do

A

produces the male gametes which are contained in pollen grains

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18
Q

where are the female plant gametes produced and what are they called

A

in the ovule found in the ovary

egg cells/ova

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19
Q

what does the stigma do

A

collects pollen grains

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20
Q

what does the ovary do in a plant

A

produces the female sex cells (contained in the ovules)

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21
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • introduces variation into the population
  • the species can adapt to new environments
  • a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population
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22
Q

disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • time and energy needed to find a mate
  • not possible for an isolated individual
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23
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • population can increase rapidly
  • genetic advantages can be passed down to offspring
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24
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • no variation in a population
  • species may only be suited to one habitat
  • disease may affect all the individuals in a population
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25
Q

where is the style on a plant

A

the long tube beneath the stigma and above the ovary

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26
Q

number of pollen grains in an insect pollinated plant and why

A

moderate - insects transfer pollen grains efficiently

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27
Q

number of pollen grains in a wind pollinated plant

A

large amounts - most pollen grains are not likely to be transferred to another flower

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28
Q

what are the 8 steps of fertilization starting with

  1. pollen grains are deposited onto the stigma
A
  1. pollen grains are deposited onto the stigma
  2. The pollen grain grows a pollen tube which grows down through the
    style.
  3. Enzymes are secreted at the tip of the tube which digest the tissues of the style.
  4. When the tube reaches an ovule the male gamete travels through the tube
    entering the ovule through a small hole called the micropyle.
  5. It then fuses with the female gamete (ovum) in the process of fertilisation.
  6. The fertilised ovum divides by mitosis to form the embryo
  7. The ovule develops into the seed.
  8. The ovary develops into the fruit
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29
Q

how do germinating seeds utilize food reserves until they are ready to photosynthesise

A

They therefore use their food stores using ENZYMES that break down their starch carbohydrate stores.
These are then used as a fuel in respiration to release energy.

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30
Q

what 3 things do germinated seeds need to grow and why

A

Oxygen - to aerobically respire
Warmth - optimum temperature for enzymes
Water - to activate the enzymes

31
Q

what is the role of oestrogen and testosterone during puberty

A

To bring about changes that lead to sexual maturity

32
Q

what hormone does the placenta secrete and why

A

progesterone to ensure the uterus lining remains thick and to prevent the embryo from aborting

33
Q

what is the amnion and what does it do

A

a membrane - during pregnancy, it secretes a fluid called amniotic fluid

34
Q

what does amniotic fluid do

A

it protects the embryo against jolts and bumps, drying out, and temperature fluctuation

35
Q

what is a foetus

A

as the embryo develops it becomes more and more complex. when it looks human we call it a foetus

36
Q

what does a placenta do

A

connected by an umbilical cord, it develops from the embryo.
The placenta:
- anchors the embryo in the uterus
- allows glucose, amino acids and salts to move to the embryo
- allows CO2 and urea to move to the mother

37
Q

why is it important that the mother’s and the embryo’s blood streams don’t mix

A
  • the mother’s blood pressure is much higher
  • the mother’s blood has white blood cells and other chemicals that would see the foetal blood as foreign and attack it
38
Q

where is FSH secreted from

A

the pituitary gland

39
Q

what is the target tissue/organ of FSH

A

follicle in ovary

40
Q

what are the roles of FSH

A
  • follicle develops and ovum matures
41
Q

where is oestrogen secreted from

A

the follicle in the ovary

42
Q

what are the target tissues/organs of oestrogen

A
  • pituitary gland
  • uterus lining
43
Q

what does oestrogen do

A
  • inhibits FSH production (no other ovum is matured)
  • stimulates LH production
  • thickens the uterus lining
44
Q

where is LH secreted from

A

pituitary pland

45
Q

what does LH do

A
  • follicle on ovary releases mature ovum into oviduct (ovulation)
  • remnant of follicle becomes corpus luteum
46
Q

what is the target tissue/organ of LH

A
  • follicle in ovary
47
Q

where is progesterone secreted from

A

ovary (corpus luteum)

48
Q

what does progesterone do?

A
  • maintains the thickness of the uterus lining
  • FSH and LH inhibited (no further ovum is matured and released)
49
Q

in what three ways are sperm cell adapted for their purpose

A
  • tail (to swim)
  • haploid nucleus (half num chromosomes)
  • many mitochondria (energy)
50
Q

describe an experiment to investigate the conditions needed for seed germination

A

Test tubes with seeds inside

  • tube a - no warmth (fridge)
  • tube b - no water
  • tube c - oxygen absorber sodium pyrogallol is used with a bung
  • tube d - no light (wrapping foil)
  • tube e - control
51
Q

what are the two types of cell division

A
  • mitosis
  • meiosis
52
Q

summarise a division by mitosis

A
  • produces two, genetically identical daughter cells
  • involves one division
  • produces diploid cells in humans
  • keeps the same chromosome number
53
Q

Summarise a cell division by meiosis

A
  • produces four, genetically different daughter cells
  • involves two cell divisions
  • produces haploid cells
  • halves the number of chromosomes
54
Q

describe the purpose of mitosis

A
  • generates all adult cells (except gametes) so used in growth and repair
  • used for asexual reproduction and cloning
55
Q

describe the purpose of meiosis

A
  • only used to produce gametes
  • used for sexual reproduction
56
Q

where in plants and animals does mitosis occur

A
  • all throughout the human body and plant
57
Q

where in plants and animals does meiosis occur

A
  • only in ovaries and testes
  • only in ovaries and anthers
58
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are in a diploid cell

A
  • 23 pairs so 46 chromosomes
59
Q

what are the 5 steps of mitosis

A
  • each chromosome doubles to form a copy of each
  • these copies (chromatids) are joined together and a single point (the centromere)
  • the nuclear membrane breaks down. the chromosomes line up across centre of cell, attached to special spindle fibres
  • the chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
  • the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two identical cells
60
Q

what cells are formed in meiosis and why are they different from other cells

A
  • gametes
  • they are haploid so only have 23 chromosomes
61
Q

what are the 5 steps of meiosis

A
  • the DNA doubles to form a copy of each chromosome. these copies (chromatids) are joined together at a single point (the centromere)
  • the nuclear membrane breaks down. the homologous pairs of chromosomes join together
  • the homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange sections of DNA then attach to spindle fibres in pairs at the centre of the cell
  • the pairs are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell. the cell divides
  • THE WHOLE PROCESS REPEATS ONCE MORE
62
Q

how does random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring

A

as each gamete has variation due to meiosis and the fusing of the egg and sperm is random

63
Q

what is ovulation

A

when a matured ovum is released into the oviduct

64
Q

what are three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes:
- have a proper nucleus
- have organelles
- have more than one chromosome
- lack plasmids

converse for prokaryotes

65
Q

give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist

A
  • malaria caused by the protoctist: plasmodium
  • dysentery caused by th protoctist: amoeba
66
Q

why does ethanol turn cloudy when lipids are present

A

because a white emulsion forms

67
Q

explain the role of fibre (mark scheme)

A
  • aids in peristalsis
  • in moving food along intestine
  • because it is indigestible
68
Q

discuss possible reasons why there is a decrease in the number of squirrels from 2010 to 2016

A
  • increased predation
  • disease
  • migration
  • human impact
  • other species enter woods and feed on nuts
69
Q

what is a catalyst (mark scheme)

A

a substance that speeds up chemical reactions

70
Q

explain what is meant by metabolic

A
  • reactions or processes in cells
71
Q

explain why it is important that a control variable is kept the same

A
  • so that only one variable is changed
  • because the control variable also affects the (rate)
72
Q

how does increasing temperature result in an increase in crop yield (mark scheme)

A
  • for the optimum temperature for enzymes
  • will increase the rate of photosynthesis
  • because molecules will have increased kinetic energy
  • for more glucose
73
Q

explain why many farmers limit the amount of chemical fertilisers they use

A
  • increased soil concentration reduces water potential of soil
  • prevents water uptake
  • so plants wilt
  • leaching and washing into rivers
  • causes eutrophication
  • loss of aquatic life
  • natural fertilisers exist
  • can produce organic which can sell for more

Biology (22 decks)

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