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Biology > From Big To Small > Flashcards

From Big To Small Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do

A

It controls all the activity in the cell and contains the chromosomes (strands of DNA which carry the genes)

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2
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

The boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings - it controls what substances go in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall

A

To maintain the structure of a plant cell. Made of cellulose

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4
Q

What do mitochondria do

A

Carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration and produces ATP

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5
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

absorb light energy and use it to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur

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8
Q

what do Ribosomes do?

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with watery liquid called cell sap. stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances

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10
Q

Starch and glycogen are made up of

A

Simple sugars

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11
Q

Lipids are made up of

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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12
Q

ATP provides

A

energy for cells

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13
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid

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14
Q

Balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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15
Q

What is ATP and why is it needed

A

Glucose is like a truckload of energy so every one glucose molecule(that is hard to break down) is broken down into 33 ATP molecules that are easy to break down

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16
Q

Common Features of a plant cell

A

Chloroplasts
Cellulose cell wall

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17
Q

Four eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Plant, Animal, Funghi, Protoctista

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18
Q

Common features of protoctista

A

All single celled
Cells contain: chloroplasts, cell wall, flagella

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19
Q

What is a eukaryote

A

Organism that contains a proper nucleus

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20
Q

How do protoctista get their nutrients

A

Some photosynthesise while others feed on other organisms or organic remains

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21
Q

How do animals and funghi store carbohydrates

A

as glycogen

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22
Q

How do plants store their carbohydrates

A

as starch or sucrose

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23
Q

Common features of funghi cells

A

No chloroplasts
Chitin cell wall
Many nuclei per cell

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24
Q

How do funghi get nutrients

A

Feed by saprotrophic nutrition

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25
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

an organism that has no proper nucleus

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26
Q

name one prokaryote

A

bacteria

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27
Q

What is a pathogen

A

microorganisms which cause infectious disease

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28
Q

Structure of a virus

A

A strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

29
Q

Bacterial cells contains

A

plasmids
capsule
flagella
single chromosome

30
Q

Saprotrophic nutrition

A

when organisms secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto the dead organisms. The dead organism is broken down into small, soluble molecules which are then absorbed by the decomposer

31
Q

What is cell respiration

A

the process of breaking down food molecules to release ATP

32
Q

All cells need a source of energy to be able to carry out life processes. this is called

A

ATP

33
Q

How is ATP produced

A

During aerobic respiration, oxygen is used to break down glucose and release energy. some of this energy is released as heat but most is trapped in a usable form of ATP

34
Q

Why can unicellular organisms rely on diffusion

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio

35
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area with high concentration to low concentration

36
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A single cell that can replicate itself or differentiate into many cell types. All cells begin as stem cells

37
Q

Adaptations of a red blood cell

A
  • contains haemoglobin
  • no nucleus
  • Biconcave shaped
38
Q

Adaptations of a sperm cell

A
  • Flagellum
  • many mitochondria
  • Acrosome (package of enzymes to digest the jelly layer surrounding the egg cell
39
Q

Adaptations of a palisade cell (leaf)

A
  • packed with chloroplasts
  • tall and thin (cells can pack tightly together so more of the light reaching the leaf can be absorbed
40
Q

What elements are Carbohydrates made up of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

41
Q

Many sugar molecules (1000s) are joined together to make which two carbohydrates

A

Starch and Glycogen

42
Q

What is starch used for

A

to store glucose in plants

43
Q

What is glycogen used for

A

To store glucose in animals and funghi

44
Q

What two things are the smallest units of carbohydrates

A

The simple sugars: glucose and fructose

45
Q

What do glucose and fructose make up when joined

A

sucrose

46
Q

What elements are fats made up of

A

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

47
Q

What ‘chains’ are lipids made out of

A

3 fatty acid chains joined to a glycerol molecule

48
Q

What are lipids used for in the body

A
  • energy storage
  • thermal insulation
  • electrical insulation (around nerve cells)
  • buoyancy
  • part of cell membranes
49
Q

What elements are proteins made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

50
Q

What ‘chains’ are proteins made out of

A

amino acids

51
Q

Functions of proteins in the body

A
  • structural molecules (eg collagen and keratin)
  • Controlling chemical reactions (enzymes)
  • messenger molecules (hormones)
  • combating disease (antibodies)
  • transport (haemoglobin)
52
Q

what is an enzyme

A

A catalyst - a chemical which increases the rate of reaction without being used up itself in the reaction

53
Q

How do enzymes work

A
  • substrate and enzyme collide and bind together
  • Binding to the site strains the chemical bonds in the substrate so the reaction occurs by an alternate pathway with a lower activation energy
  • once this has occurred the products don’t fit the active site as well so they are released
54
Q

What affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction

A

Temperature (more kinetic energy so more successful collisions)
pH (denatured)
Concentration of substrate or enzyme

55
Q

What is a chromosome

A

a linear strand of DNA

56
Q

What is a genome

A

the total DNA of an organism - coding for all its charateristics

57
Q

what is a gene

A

a short section of DNA within a chromosome

58
Q

What is DNA

A

the chemical which contains the information for making proteins - it contains the instructions for all the structures and reactions needed in the cell of an organism

59
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

a double stranded molecule made of two chains of nucleotides. these strands coil to form a double helix

60
Q

What are the four bases of a nucleotide and what are their pairs

A
  • adenine ALWAYS PAIRS WITH
  • thymine
  • cytosine ALWAYS PAIRS WITH
  • guanine
61
Q

What three thing is a nucleotide made out of

A
  • a sugar (deoxyribose)
  • a phosphate
  • a nitrogenous base
62
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

63
Q

Differences between funghi and protoctista

A

fungi = mostly multi-cellular
protoctista = all single celled

f = cells have no chloroplasts and a chitin cell wall
p = have chloroplasts but normal cell wall

f = feed by saprotrophic nutrition
p = photosynthesis or feeding on other organisms

64
Q

Features of bacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • single cellular
  • very small
  • cell wall, plasmids
  • no nucleus (genetic material in the form of a single (wiggly) circular chromosome
65
Q

what is a pathogen

A

microorganism which cause infectious disease. they harm the host by releasing toxins or damaging cells

66
Q

What is the structure of viruses

A

a simple strand of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

67
Q

how to viruses reproduce

A
  • enter a host cell
  • take over the ribosomes and enzymes in the cell to make new virus particles
  • when many new viruses have been made the cell dies and the new viruses are released
68
Q

how does saprotrophic nutrition occur

A
  • secrete digestive enzymes outside of their cells onto dead organisms
  • the dead organism is broken down into small soluble molecules
  • absorbed by organism
69
Q

What kingdoms store carbohydrates as glycogen

A

Animals
Fungi

Biology (22 decks)

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