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Biology > Coordination And Control > Flashcards

Coordination And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is positive tropism in plants

A

When a plant grows towards a stimulus

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2
Q

What two organ systems do humans use for coordination and what part do they play

A
  • nervous system - endocrine system

They create the link between the stimulus and the response in an action

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3
Q

What type of stimulus do the tongue and nose react to

A

Chemical

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4
Q

What two stimuli does the skin react to

A

Pressure and heat

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5
Q

What makes up the central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is linked to the sense organs by nerves

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6
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

All the nerves which send impulses to the effectors (excluding the brain and the spinal cord)

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7
Q

What are the three types of neurones

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

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8
Q

Explain in terms of neurones the journey of an impulse from a receptor to an effector during a reflex arc

A

Once a dangerous stimulus of detected, impulses pass from receptors to sensory neurones until they reach the spinal cord. They pass to the relay neurones there, then the motor neurones which cause the effectors to action

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9
Q

What is a dendrite

A

Tree like projections that connect a neurone to others

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10
Q

What is the myelin sheath

A

Insulates the axon on a neurone to speed up the transmission of the impulses

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11
Q

What is a reflex

A

An automated action that doesn’t involve the brain but instead use the sensory, relay and motor neurones.

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12
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

The movement of the impulse from receptor to effector

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13
Q

What is a synapse

A

The gap between neurones

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14
Q

What is the cornea

A

A curved transparent disc at the front of the eye which does most of the focusing.

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15
Q

What is the pupil

A

And opening in the eye whose size is controlled by the iris

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16
Q

What is the iris

A

A ring of muscles with a hole in the middle that controls how much light enters the eye

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17
Q

What is the lens

A

Soft, flexible, transparent disk whose shape can be changed to fine tuner the focusing of light onto the retina

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18
Q

What are ciliary muscles

A

A ring of muscles at the edge of the eye that circle the lens, when it contracts the lens gets fatter

19
Q

in order to create a coordinated response we require:

A

a receptor, a stimulus, and an effector

20
Q

what are suspensory ligaments

A

strong fibre which attach the lens to the ciliary muscle

21
Q

what is the retina

A

contains light sensitive cells called rods and cones

22
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

consists of many neurones which carry impulses form the retina to the brain

23
Q

what is the fovea

A

the region of the retina with the greatest number of cones

24
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

a mucous membrane that covers the eye to prevent infection

25
Q

describe how the eye focuses on close up objects

A
  • ciliary muscles contract
  • suspensory ligaments therefore slacken
  • lens becomes more rounded
  • so light is refracted more
26
Q

how does the eye respond to sudden bright light

A
  • circular muscles contract
  • radial muscles relax
  • so pupil shrinks
27
Q

describe how an electrical impulse travels across the synapse

A
  • the nerve ending of a neuron releases chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
  • these chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the next neuron
  • the receptor molecules bind only to the specific chemicals released from the first neurone
  • this stimulates the second neuron to transmit the electrical impulse
28
Q

where is insulin produced and what does it do

A
  • pancreas
  • causes liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen for storage
29
Q

where is ADH produced and what does it do

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • reduces amount of water lost in urine by affecting the permeability of the walls of the convoluted tube
30
Q

where is oestrogen produced and what does it do

A
  • ovaries
  • stimulates the uterus lining to develop and the development of secondary sexual characteristics
31
Q

where is progesterone produced and what does it do

A
  • ovaries
  • maintains uterus lining
32
Q

where is testosterone produced and what is it used for

A
  • testes
  • stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics
33
Q

where is adrenaline produced and what is it used for

A
  • adrenal gland
  • increases heart and breathing rate, pupil dilation, vasodilation/vasoconstriction for fight or flight
34
Q

where is FSH produced and what is it used for

A
  • pituitary gland
  • stimulates an egg to mature in the ovary
35
Q

where is LH produced and what is it used for

A
  • pituitary gland
  • stimulates the release of the egg in the ovary
36
Q

how does insulin reduce blood sugar

A
  • enters the blood stream
  • insulin allows glucose to be absorbed by body cells
  • so blood sugar reduced
37
Q

how is thermoregulation done in the body

A
  • hairs stand on end (trap a layer of air in)
  • no sweat (less heat loss through evaporation)
  • vasoconstriction (blood flows further away from skin)
38
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal envrionment

39
Q

what are some examples of homeostasis

A
  • body water content
  • body temperature regulation
40
Q

what is geotropism

A
  • when plants grow towards or away from gravity
41
Q

what is phototropism

A

when plants grow towards or away from light

42
Q

what hormone in plants controls phototropism

A

auxin

43
Q

how does auxin affect plant growth

A
  • the tip of the shoot produces auxin which diffuses down the shoot causing elongation of the cells
  • when light intensity is higher on one side of the stem, auxins build up on the shaded side
  • this causes one side to elongated more than the other causing a bend towards the light stimulus

Biology (22 decks)

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