Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > January mocks > Flashcards

January mocks Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what chemicals are carbohydrates made out of

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
(same as carbohydrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

structure of carbohydrates

A

made up of simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what chemicals are lipids made out of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (same as carbohydrates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

structure of lipids

A

made out three fatty acid chains joined to a glycerol molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what chemicals are proteins made out of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (same as carbohydrates) WITH nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structure of proteins

A

made of many amino acids joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does respiration produce ATP

A

it breaks down food molecules to release ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the purpose of ATP

A

to provide energy for cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in what two ways is aerobic respiration more beneficial than anaerobic

A
  • no production of lactic acid
  • releases a lot of ATP as it completely oxidises the glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anaerobic respiration equation for fungi and plants

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the importance of photosynthesis

A

converts light energy to chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the nucleus and what does it do

A

It controls cell division and all the activity in the cell and contains the chromosomes (strands of DNA which carry the genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

The boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings - it controls what substances go in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the cell wall

A

To maintain the structure of a plant cell. Made of cellulose
- support and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do mitochondria do

A

Carries out some reactions of aerobic respiration and produces ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

(the chlorophyll pigments) absorb light energy and (chloroplasts) use it to carry out the chemical reactions of photosynthesis for food for plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

boundary between the cytoplasm and the cell’s surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur
- supports cell structures
- contains water and many solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do Ribosomes do?

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with watery liquid called cell sap. stores dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the mitochondria

A

organelles found throughout the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the ribosomes

A

tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do glasshouses increase the yield of certain crops

A
  • artificial heating ( enzymes controlling photosynthesis)
  • artificial lighting (plants can photosynthesis for longer hours)
  • increasing carbon dioxide content
  • regular watering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do glasshouses in tropical countries differe to those in more temperate countries

A

might be ventilated instead of heated (enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what do farmers need to consider when using glasshouses

A

the cost of the conditions against the difference in income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do polythene tunnels increase yield

A

(large plastic tunnels)
- shield from excessive winds, rain and extreme temperatures
- increases the temperature inside (due to insulating effects of the plastic)
- prevent entry of pests and diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do fertilisers do

A

increase the amount of key nutrients in the soil for crop plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what do pesticides do

A

kill off unwanted insects and weed species meaning there is less damage done by insects while also reducing competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how do fertilises increase crop yields

A

plants require mineral ions from the soil in order to grow well, and fertilisers need to replace these if crops are repeatedly grown in the same field. they make crops grow bigger and faster so increased yields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what two types of fertilisers are there

A

organic - manure, compost, natural predators
chemical - dry granules or liquid form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why do plants need nitrogen

A
  • absorbed in the form of nitrates to make amino acids to make protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what does a lack of nitrogen look like in plants

A

causes weak growth and yellowing leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why do plants need phosphorous

A
  • absorbed in the form of phosphates to make DNA and cell membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does a lack of phosphorous look like in a plant

A

poor root growth and discoloured leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do plants need potassium for

A

allows enzyme reactions to take place to produce ATP and also needed for the enzymes involved in photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does a lack of potassium look like in plants

A

poor growth of flowers and fruits as well as brown spots on leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why do we need pest control

A
  • insects and other animals can damage crops by eating them
  • weeds outcompete crop plants for space, water, and soil nutrients
  • funghi can infect crop plants and spread diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

advantages of using pesticides over biological control

A
  • easily accessible, relatively cheap
  • have an immediate effect
  • kills the entire population of pests
39
Q

disadvantages of using pesticides over biological control

A
  • organisms can develop a resistance to them
  • they are non specific so could kill other beneficial organisms (eg bees pollinators)
  • they do not break down so can accumulate in great concentration and cause harm to predators
  • need to be repeatedly applied
40
Q

what is one example of biological control

A

ladybirds eating aphids

41
Q

advantages of using biological control over pesticides

A
  • natural method - no pollution
  • no resistance
  • can target specific species
  • long lasting
  • does not need to be repeatedly applied
42
Q

disadvantages of using biological control over pesticides

A
  • may eat other organisms instead of just the pest
  • takes a longer period of time to be effective
  • cannot kill the entire population (some pests will always be present (predator prey cycle))
  • may not adapt to the environment or move out of the area
  • may become a pest itself
43
Q

benefits of fish farming

A
  • can raise large numbers of fish in small spaces for protein for humans
  • can use specific methods to ensure high yield
  • helps the problem of over fishing
44
Q

what methods are used to ensure high yield in fish

A

control of:
- water quality
- interspecific predation
- intraspecific predation
- disease
- waste products
- the quality and frequency of feeding
- selective breeding

45
Q

investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature

A
  • add iodine to a spotting tile
  • heat starch solution to 30*C using water bath
  • add amylase (enzyme) and start a timer
  • each minute take a drop of solution and add to spotting tile
  • observe colour
  • repeat for more temps

amylase breaks down starch so until the iodine stops turning blue, starch is still present and the enzyme is not finished.
the quicker the reaction is completed, the faster the enzyme is working

46
Q

investigate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in pH

A
  • add iodine to a spotting tile
  • 2cm3 amylase in a test tube
  • add 1cm3 of buffer solution (at pH 2) to the test tube
  • add 2cm3 starch solution and start the stopwatch while mixing
  • every 10 seconds add a droplet of this solution to a well in the spotting tile
  • repeat until the iodine stops changing colour and record time
  • repeat with different pH buffers
47
Q

investigate diffusion

A
  • cut 2 equally sized cubes of beetroot with same dimensions and volume
  • rinse them to remove any pigment released when cutting
  • put 5cm3 water in 5 test tubes
  • keep one tube at room temp and the others at 90, 70, 50, 10*C in a water bath
  • leave for 2 mins them add beetroot
  • after 10 mins observe the colour change of the liquid in both test tubes
48
Q

investigate osmosis

A
  • 6 labelled test tubes with a range of sucrose solutions ranging from 0mol/dm3 to 1mol/dm3
  • cut 6 equally sized cylinders of potato using a knife and cork borer
  • blot each with a paper towel and weigh mass
  • put one in each test tube
  • after 4 hours, take out, blot, reweigh
    find % change in mass
49
Q

what food groups are needed for a balanced diet

A

carbohydrate
protein
lipid
vitamins
minerals
water
dietary fibre

50
Q

function of carbohydrate

A

source of energy

51
Q

function of protein

A

growth and repair of muscle tissues

52
Q

function of lipid

A

insulation
buoyancy
storage

53
Q

functions of dietary fibre

A

helps the movement of food through the intestine (provides bulk for the intestine to push food through it)`

54
Q

functions of vitamins and minerals

A

needed in small quantities to maintain health

55
Q

function of water in our body

A

needed for chemical reactions to take place in cells

56
Q

sources of vitamins and minerals

A

fruits and vegetables

57
Q

sources of dietary fibre

A

vegetables and whole grains

58
Q

sources of water (diet)

A

water, juice, fruits and vegetables

59
Q

functions of calcium

A

strong teeth and bones clotting of blood

60
Q

functions of vitamin D

A

helps the body absorb calcium and phosphate ions

61
Q

functions of vitamin C

A

forms an essential part of collagen protein
needed for cells and tissues to stick together

62
Q

functions of vitamins A

A

needed to make a chemical in the retina for vision

63
Q

functions of iron

A

needed to make haemoglobin

64
Q

sources of vitamin D

A

oily fish and dairy products

65
Q

sources of vitamin a

A

meat
green vegetables

66
Q

sources of iron

A

red meat
leafy green vegetables

67
Q

what is the role of digestive enzymes

A

to control chemical digestion which helps to break down large insoluble molecules to small soluble molecules

68
Q

describe how carbohydrates end up as glucose

A

through carbohydrases

amylase breaks down starch to maltose
maltase breaks down maltose to glucose

69
Q

where is amylase made

A

salivary glands
pancreas
small intestines

70
Q

describe how proteins end up as amino acids

A

pepsin breaks it down into peptides
peptidase breaks down peptides into amino acids

71
Q

where is pepsin made

A

stomach

72
Q

where are peptidases made

A

duodenum

73
Q

how do lipids end up as fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipase enzymes are produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine

74
Q

where is maltase made

A

duodenum

75
Q

what is trypsin and what does it do

A

proteins to peptides enzyme made in the pancreas

76
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A
  • many alveolar sacs = very large SA:V
  • walls of alveoli and capillaries are only one cell thick = short diffusion distance
  • surrounded by a network of capillaries which constantly transport the blood = maintains high concentration gradient
77
Q

what are the three main chemicals in cigarettes

A

tar
nicotine
carbon monoxide

78
Q

what does nicotine do in the body

A
  • narrows blood vessels = increased blood pressure
  • increases HR

these cause blood clots to form in the arteries leading to heart attack or stroke
can also increase risk of coronary heart disease

79
Q

what does tar do in the body

A
  • is a carcinogen so increases chance of cancerous cells in the lungs
  • causes bronchitis
  • causes emphysema
80
Q

what is bronchitis

A

caused by tar stimulating goblet cells and mucus glands to enlarge, producing more mucus

it destroys cilia so mucus builds up and block bronchioles leading to infections - this also leads to smoker’s cough in the attempt to remove the mucus

81
Q

what is emphysema

A

caused by frequent infection

phagocytes entering the lungs (to fight infection) release elastase, an enzyme that breaks down the elastic fibres in the alveoli

this means they become less elastic and cannot stretch so many burst - this reduces the SA for gas exchange - patients become breathless and wheezy and might need a constant supply of oxygen to stay alive

82
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when fatty deposits build up in the arteries supplying the heart muscle, narrowing the lumen and restricting blood flow.
the heart receives less oxygen so anaerobic respiration begins, lactic acid builds up, poisoning the heart muscle cells and causing heart attacks

83
Q

how is coronary heart disease linking to smoking

A

smoking increases blood pressure and increases the risk of fatty deposits forming

84
Q

what is the role of the phloem in transportation

A

phloem vessels transport sucrose and amino acids made from photosynthesis in the leaves to non-photosynthesising regions such as the roots and the stem through TRANSLOCATION.

made of living cells

85
Q

what are vascular bundles

A

The xylem and phloem are arranged throughout the root, stem and leaves in groups called vascular bundles

86
Q

what is the purpose of the xylem

A

transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and the stem through transpiration (cohesion theory)

composed of dead cells which form hollow tubes

87
Q

what are the walls of the xylem made out of and how does it help

A

lignin which strengthens the walls to adapt for the transport of water

88
Q

how is water absorbed by root hair cells

A

through osmosis when as the soil has a higher water potential than the cell.

the high proportion of dissolved minerals and sugars in the cytoplasm give it a low water potential

89
Q

what is transpiration and how does it occur

A

the loss of water vapour from parts of the plant that are above ground

loss of water occur through evaporation of water at the surfaces of the spongy mesophyll followed by diffusion through the stomata

90
Q

functions of transpiration

A
  • keeps the turgor pressure in the cells high
  • transporting mineral ions
  • providing water for photosynthesis
  • keeps the leaves cool
91
Q

what are the risk factors of coronary heart disease

A
  • obesity - extra weight puts strain on the heart and can also lead to diabetes which damages the vessels
  • high blood pressure - increases the force of the blood against artery walls, damaging them and increases rate of fatty deposits
  • high cholesterol - speeds up build up of fatty deposits
  • smoking - chemicals in smoke increase fatty deposits and blood pressure
  • lack of exercise - causes high blood pressure
92
Q

what are the vessels going to and from the liver called

A

hepatic artery and vein

93
Q

what are the vessels going to and from the kidneys called

A

renal

94
Q

what are the vessels going to and from the gut called

A

mesenteric artery
hepatic portal vein

Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions