Energy for life Flashcards
1
Q
What does iron do in the blood
A
The mineral that forms the part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
2
Q
Food sources for iron
A
Red meat, liver, spinach
3
Q
Deficiency of iron causes
A
Anaemia
4
Q
Mineral needed to form bones and teeth
A
Calcium
5
Q
Food sources for Calcium
A
Milk and dairy products, fish, fresh vegetables
6
Q
Calcium deficiency disease
A
Rickets
7
Q
Vitamin a
A
Vitamin used in making a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye
8
Q
The vitamin needed for cells and tissues to stick together
A
Vitamin C
9
Q
Food sources of vitamin A
A
Fish liver oil, liver, butter, carrots
10
Q
Vitamin A deficiency disease
A
Night blindness and damaged cornea
11
Q
Food sources of vitamin C
A
Fresh fruits and vegetables
12
Q
Vitamin c deficiency disease
A
Scurvy
13
Q
Vitamin needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food
A
Vitamin D
14
Q
Which canal in food ingested, digested, absorbed, and sheared from
A
The alimentary canal
15
Q
Assimilation
A
Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules in all cells
16
Q
Two types of digestion that occur in the mouth
A
Mechanical and chemical
17
Q
What is digestion
A
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules Into small soluble molecules
18
Q
What is an enzyme
A
A type of protein that creates chemical reactions in the body like breaking down substrates. (they are biological catalysts in metabolic reactions)
19
Q
Explain how enzymes work
A
- lock and a key
-one type of enzyme can only break down one type of substrate - if the substrate does not collide with the active site then it will not work
- enzymes can’t be used up
- extreme temperature or pH can denature the enzyme
20
Q
What are the functions of bile
A
To neutralise the stomach acid and emulsify lipids
21
Q
What are the functions of hydrochloride acid in the body
A
It helps you to break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein. It also eliminates bacteria and viruses in the stomach
22
Q
Is glucose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
A
Monosaccharide
23
Q
Is Fructose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
A
Monosaccharide
24
Q
Is Maltose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
A
Disaccharide
25
Is sucrose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
Disaccharide
26
Are complex sugars: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide
Polysaccharides
27
What is Maltose made up of
Two glucose molecules linked together
28
What is Sucrose made up of
Glucose and fructose bonded together in twos
29
What is the structure (shape) of glucose
Hexagon
30
What is the structure (shape) of Fructose
Pentagon
31
What is glucose
The sugar broken down in respiration
32
What is the function of fructose
Attracts insects to flowers. found in fruit
33
Where is maltose found
In germinating seeds
34
Principle function of monosaccharides
Energy source
35
Two main Polysaccharides in plants
Starch and cellulose
36
Main polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen
37
What is cellulose
A structural molecule and is found in plant cell walls
38
Starch and Glycogen are .... molecules
Storage
39
Functions of lipids in the body
Hormones
Insulation
Buoyancy
Energy source
40
Which has the higher energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates
Fats
41
Triglycerides are
composed of three fatty acid chains joined by covalent bonds to a molecule of glycerol
42
What makes a fatty acid saturated
only single c-c bonds
solid at room temp
fit more closely together
43
What makes a fatty acid unsaturated
one or more c=c bonds
bent
liquid at room temp.
44
All amino acids contain the elements:
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
45
Three major biological molecules are
Carbohydrates
Lipids and
Proteins
46
Functions of protein molecules
Structural proteins (in tissues)
Hormones (eg Insulin)
antibodies
47
What is the parallax error
When you don't get down to eye level when taking a reading of a measuring cylinder
48
How to draw the line of best fit
Join all the dots
49
What does CORMS stand for
Change
Organisms
Repeats
Measure
Same
50
What are nucleotides
2 chains that coil to form a double helix (DNA)
51
What is DNA used for
the chemical which contains the information for all the structures and reactions needed in the cells of an organism
52
what is a chromosome
a linear strand of DNA
53
function of a ribosome
to make protein
54
what is a cell
the smallest function of life
55
organ
group of tissues working together to carry out a function
56
function of the kidneys
to filter your blood
57
functions of lipids
energy store
insulation
buoyancy
58
polymer
molecules made up of many repeating smaller units called monomers
59
test for starch
Iodine solution turning from orange to black/blue
- on a spotting tile
60
test for glucose
benedict's solution turning from blue to red/yellow/green
- test tube
- water bath for five mins at 85*C
61
test for protein
biuret solution turning from pale blue to mauve/purple
- test tube
62
test for lipids
ethanol turning from clear to cloudy
- test tube
- add 2cm*3 ethanol and mix
- add 2cm*3 water and shake
63
glucose is a
chemical energy store. we respire to release that energy`
64
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose -> lactic acid
65
What happens to glucose during aerobic respiration
glucose is broken down fully
66
What happens to glucose during anaerobic respiration
glucose is only broken down partially only releasing a small amount of energy
67
Why does temperature increase during exercise
only about 40% of the energy released is transported to the muscles. the rest is released as heat
68
Diffusion is a passive process. Why?
no extra energy is required since it goes with the concentration
69
Diffusion only happens in
fluids
70
Living cells use diffusion for
Getting raw materials for respiration
Removing waste products (eg from respiration)
Plants use it for respiration
71
Why don't protoctista need blood or a heart
they get all their oxygen through diffusion
72
In mammals, what does the circulatory system transport
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide (from rest of body to lungs)
Nutrients (from gut to rest of body)
Urea (from liver to kidneys)
Hormones and Antibodies
73
What is a single circulatory system
blood is only passed through the heart once in each rotation.
74
Describe the route of blood in the single circulatory system of a fish
heart -> gills -> rest of body -> heart
75
state what organism would use the single circulatory system
fish
76
state what organism would use the double circulatory system
mammals
77
what is a double circulatory system
when the blood is passed through the heart twice with each rotation
78
Describe the route of the blood in the double circulatory system of mammals
heart -> lungs -> heart -> rest of body
79
Fish can afford to only have a single circulatory system because
they are not as active as humans
80
Describe the route of the Pulmonary circuit
Heart -> lungs to be oxygenated -> heart again
81
Describe the route of the Systemic circuit
heart -> rest of body to unload oxygen -> heart
82
Why does the heart pump twice for each circuit in humans
so that higher pressures can be maintained. this means that blood travels quickly to the organs so we can be more active
83
Describe the route of the blood in the heart
Deoxygenated blood -> arrives through Vena Cava -> right atrium -> contracts to force blood into the right ventricle -> contracts & AV valves close behind blood so it has to travel -> through pulmonary artery to lungs.
Oxygenated blood -> in through pulmonary vein to left atrium -> contracts forcing blood into left ventricle -> contracts and AV valves close behind so blood has to travel out through the aorta
84
Arteries have ..... walls because
thick, muscular walls which allows them to withstand the very high pressure
85
Capillaries have ..... walls because
very thin walls to allow substances to diffuse rapidly between blood and cells
86
Veins have ..... walls because
thin walls because they dont have to combat the high blood pressure
87
Which blood carrier has valves and why
Veins - to keep the blood flowing in the right direction
88
Why is the right hand side of the heart smaller than the left hand side
because it is pumping blood to the body. it cant pump as hard as the left is allowed to otherwise the veins and capillaries in the lungs might burst from the pressure
89
Function of platelets
involved in forming blood clots
90
Function of white blood cells
Part of the immune system, their job is to destroy pathogens (anything that makes you sick)
91
Where are Platelets made
in the bone marrow
92
what is cell respiration
the process of breaking down food molecules to release ATP
93
balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
94
anaerobic respiration word equation in FUNGI AND PLANTS
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
95
anaerobic respiration word equation in ANIMALS
glucose -> lactic acid
96
Describe an investigation for respiration (temperature)
- dead and live pea seeds soaked in Milton solution(kills bacteria which would respire themselves)
- each in an insulated thermos flask with cotton wool plugs and a thermometer
- measure temperature change
97
Describe an investigation for respiration (carbon dioxide)
- Two test tubes with bungs on top with Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator inside
- the indicator is red but will turn yellow when carbon dioxide concentration increases
98
What factors affect the rate of diffusion
- temperature
- concentration gradient (difference in concentration)
- distance
- surface area : volume
99
What surrounds the lungs and what is its purpose
The Pleural membrane - this forms a double layer between the lungs and the thorax walls. In between this is a thin layer of pleural fluid.
Together they form an air tight seal and prevent the lungs from sticking to the thorax wall
100
what is ventilation
the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
101
Describe the composition of air practical
- t-tube arrangement going from a mouthpiece into two conical flasks or boiling tubes. The inhaled and exhaled air bubbles through the indicator as the student breathes in and out
102
purpose of proteins
- growth and repair of cells and tissue
- fuel for respiration
103
how is glucose stored in plants
as starch
104
how is glucose stored in animals
as glycogen
105
purpose of fibre
helps the movement of food through the intestine, preventing constipation and bowel cancer
106
purpose of water
an essential solvent used to transport the components of blood and is crucial for temperature regulation
107
Energy in food practical: Energy released from food per gram (J) =
Mass water (g) x Temp change x 4.2
————————————————
Mass food sample (g)
108
what is bronchitis
a disease resulting from the build-up of infected mucus in the bronchi and bronchioles
109
what are the 6 biological consequences of smoking
- increased risk of cancer
- bronchitis
- smokers cough
- lack of oxygen
- emphysema
- coronary heart disease
110
how does smoking cause an increased risk of cancer
tobacco smoke contains carcinogens which can alter the DNA and increase risk of cancer (rapid uncontrolled cell growth
111
how does smoking cause bronchitis and smokers cough
chemicals in the tobacco smoke destroy cilia so that they are less able to transport mucus out of the lungs. at the same time mucus production increases in response to the smoke.
This all causes a build up of mucus which causes the bronchitis and smokers cough
112
how does smoking cause a lack of oxygen
- destroys and damages alveoli so less oxygen diffuses into the blood (emphysema)
- the carbon monoxide in the tobacco smoke irreversibly binds to the haemoglobin reducing its ability to carry oxygen
113
what is emphysema
when, due to the tobacco smoke, the alveoli walls break down and fuse together, forming large irregular air spaces.
This decreases the surface area for gas exchange so less oxygen diffuses into the blood
114
what is coronary heart disease and why does it occur
- if diet has large amounts of saturated fats, fatty deposits build up in artery walls
- this narrows lumen
- this is a particular problem in the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscles
- when this occurs here the heart muscles will receive less oxygen
- this means anaerobic respiration must increase
- lactic acid then builds up, poisoning the heart muscles and causing heart attacks
115
how does smoking cause coronary heart disease
smoking increases the blood pressure and increases the risk of fatty acid deposits forming
116
what things make coronary heart disease more likely
- diet (saturated fats)
- smoking (causes high blood pressure)
- high blood pressure (increases rate of fatty deposits)
- obesity (increase blood pressure and may be linked to poor diet)
- lack of exercise (high blood pressure)
117
what in your diet causes high blood pressure
high salt levels
118
What does the gall bladder do
Stores bile to release into the duodenum as required
119
What do the salivary glands do
Produces saliva which contains the enzyme salivary amylase
120
What happens in the duodenum
This is where the food comes into contact with bile
121
What are the two parts of the small intestine
Duodenum then the ileum
122
What does the oesophagus do
Connect the mouth to the stomsch
123
What does the rectum do
Store faeces
124
What does the pancreas do
Produces amylase lipase and protease and releases them into the duodenum
125
What does the anus do
Where the faeces leaves the body
126
What does the stomach do
Contains the pepsin and also hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria
127
What does the ileum do
Where the absorption of food molecules into the bloodstream takes place
128
What does the liver do
Produces bile which is used to emulsify large fat molecules into smaller droplets
129
What does the colon do
Water from food is absorbed here
