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Energy for life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does iron do in the blood

A

The mineral that forms the part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

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2
Q

Food sources for iron

A

Red meat, liver, spinach

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3
Q

Deficiency of iron causes

A

Anaemia

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4
Q

Mineral needed to form bones and teeth

A

Calcium

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5
Q

Food sources for Calcium

A

Milk and dairy products, fish, fresh vegetables

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6
Q

Calcium deficiency disease

A

Rickets

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7
Q

Vitamin a

A

Vitamin used in making a chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye

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8
Q

The vitamin needed for cells and tissues to stick together

A

Vitamin C

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9
Q

Food sources of vitamin A

A

Fish liver oil, liver, butter, carrots

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10
Q

Vitamin A deficiency disease

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

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11
Q

Food sources of vitamin C

A

Fresh fruits and vegetables

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12
Q

Vitamin c deficiency disease

A

Scurvy

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13
Q

Vitamin needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food

A

Vitamin D

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14
Q

Which canal in food ingested, digested, absorbed, and sheared from

A

The alimentary canal

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules in all cells

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16
Q

Two types of digestion that occur in the mouth

A

Mechanical and chemical

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17
Q

What is digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules Into small soluble molecules

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18
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A type of protein that creates chemical reactions in the body like breaking down substrates. (they are biological catalysts in metabolic reactions)

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19
Q

Explain how enzymes work

A
  • lock and a key
    -one type of enzyme can only break down one type of substrate
  • if the substrate does not collide with the active site then it will not work
  • enzymes can’t be used up
  • extreme temperature or pH can denature the enzyme
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20
Q

What are the functions of bile

A

To neutralise the stomach acid and emulsify lipids

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21
Q

What are the functions of hydrochloride acid in the body

A

It helps you to break down, digest, and absorb nutrients such as protein. It also eliminates bacteria and viruses in the stomach

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22
Q

Is glucose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

A

Monosaccharide

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23
Q

Is Fructose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

A

Monosaccharide

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24
Q

Is Maltose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

A

Disaccharide

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25
Q

Is sucrose a: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

A

Disaccharide

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26
Q

Are complex sugars: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

A

Polysaccharides

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27
Q

What is Maltose made up of

A

Two glucose molecules linked together

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28
Q

What is Sucrose made up of

A

Glucose and fructose bonded together in twos

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29
Q

What is the structure (shape) of glucose

A

Hexagon

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30
Q

What is the structure (shape) of Fructose

A

Pentagon

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31
Q

What is glucose

A

The sugar broken down in respiration

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32
Q

What is the function of fructose

A

Attracts insects to flowers. found in fruit

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33
Q

Where is maltose found

A

In germinating seeds

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34
Q

Principle function of monosaccharides

A

Energy source

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35
Q

Two main Polysaccharides in plants

A

Starch and cellulose

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36
Q

Main polysaccharide in animals

A

Glycogen

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37
Q

What is cellulose

A

A structural molecule and is found in plant cell walls

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38
Q

Starch and Glycogen are …. molecules

A

Storage

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39
Q

Functions of lipids in the body

A

Hormones
Insulation
Buoyancy
Energy source

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40
Q

Which has the higher energy per gram: fats or carbohydrates

A

Fats

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41
Q

Triglycerides are

A

composed of three fatty acid chains joined by covalent bonds to a molecule of glycerol

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42
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated

A

only single c-c bonds
solid at room temp
fit more closely together

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43
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated

A

one or more c=c bonds
bent
liquid at room temp.

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44
Q

All amino acids contain the elements:

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

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45
Q

Three major biological molecules are

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids and
Proteins

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46
Q

Functions of protein molecules

A

Structural proteins (in tissues)
Hormones (eg Insulin)
antibodies

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47
Q

What is the parallax error

A

When you don’t get down to eye level when taking a reading of a measuring cylinder

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48
Q

How to draw the line of best fit

A

Join all the dots

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49
Q

What does CORMS stand for

A

Change
Organisms
Repeats
Measure
Same

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50
Q

What are nucleotides

A

2 chains that coil to form a double helix (DNA)

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51
Q

What is DNA used for

A

the chemical which contains the information for all the structures and reactions needed in the cells of an organism

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52
Q

what is a chromosome

A

a linear strand of DNA

53
Q

function of a ribosome

A

to make protein

54
Q

what is a cell

A

the smallest function of life

55
Q

organ

A

group of tissues working together to carry out a function

56
Q

function of the kidneys

A

to filter your blood

57
Q

functions of lipids

A

energy store
insulation
buoyancy

58
Q

polymer

A

molecules made up of many repeating smaller units called monomers

59
Q

test for starch

A

Iodine solution turning from orange to black/blue
- on a spotting tile

60
Q

test for glucose

A

benedict’s solution turning from blue to red/yellow/green
- test tube
- water bath for five mins at 85*C

61
Q

test for protein

A

biuret solution turning from pale blue to mauve/purple
- test tube

62
Q

test for lipids

A

ethanol turning from clear to cloudy
- test tube
- add 2cm3 ethanol and mix
- add 2cm3 water and shake

63
Q

glucose is a

A

chemical energy store. we respire to release that energy`

64
Q

anaerobic respiration equation

A

glucose -> lactic acid

65
Q

What happens to glucose during aerobic respiration

A

glucose is broken down fully

66
Q

What happens to glucose during anaerobic respiration

A

glucose is only broken down partially only releasing a small amount of energy

67
Q

Why does temperature increase during exercise

A

only about 40% of the energy released is transported to the muscles. the rest is released as heat

68
Q

Diffusion is a passive process. Why?

A

no extra energy is required since it goes with the concentration

69
Q

Diffusion only happens in

A

fluids

70
Q

Living cells use diffusion for

A

Getting raw materials for respiration
Removing waste products (eg from respiration)
Plants use it for respiration

71
Q

Why don’t protoctista need blood or a heart

A

they get all their oxygen through diffusion

72
Q

In mammals, what does the circulatory system transport

A

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide (from rest of body to lungs)
Nutrients (from gut to rest of body)
Urea (from liver to kidneys)
Hormones and Antibodies

73
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A

blood is only passed through the heart once in each rotation.

74
Q

Describe the route of blood in the single circulatory system of a fish

A

heart -> gills -> rest of body -> heart

75
Q

state what organism would use the single circulatory system

A

fish

76
Q

state what organism would use the double circulatory system

A

mammals

77
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

when the blood is passed through the heart twice with each rotation

78
Q

Describe the route of the blood in the double circulatory system of mammals

A

heart -> lungs -> heart -> rest of body

79
Q

Fish can afford to only have a single circulatory system because

A

they are not as active as humans

80
Q

Describe the route of the Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart -> lungs to be oxygenated -> heart again

81
Q

Describe the route of the Systemic circuit

A

heart -> rest of body to unload oxygen -> heart

82
Q

Why does the heart pump twice for each circuit in humans

A

so that higher pressures can be maintained. this means that blood travels quickly to the organs so we can be more active

83
Q

Describe the route of the blood in the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood -> arrives through Vena Cava -> right atrium -> contracts to force blood into the right ventricle -> contracts & AV valves close behind blood so it has to travel -> through pulmonary artery to lungs.

Oxygenated blood -> in through pulmonary vein to left atrium -> contracts forcing blood into left ventricle -> contracts and AV valves close behind so blood has to travel out through the aorta

84
Q

Arteries have ….. walls because

A

thick, muscular walls which allows them to withstand the very high pressure

85
Q

Capillaries have ….. walls because

A

very thin walls to allow substances to diffuse rapidly between blood and cells

86
Q

Veins have ….. walls because

A

thin walls because they dont have to combat the high blood pressure

87
Q

Which blood carrier has valves and why

A

Veins - to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

88
Q

Why is the right hand side of the heart smaller than the left hand side

A

because it is pumping blood to the body. it cant pump as hard as the left is allowed to otherwise the veins and capillaries in the lungs might burst from the pressure

89
Q

Function of platelets

A

involved in forming blood clots

90
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

Part of the immune system, their job is to destroy pathogens (anything that makes you sick)

91
Q

Where are Platelets made

A

in the bone marrow

92
Q

what is cell respiration

A

the process of breaking down food molecules to release ATP

93
Q

balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

94
Q

anaerobic respiration word equation in FUNGI AND PLANTS

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

95
Q

anaerobic respiration word equation in ANIMALS

A

glucose -> lactic acid

96
Q

Describe an investigation for respiration (temperature)

A
  • dead and live pea seeds soaked in Milton solution(kills bacteria which would respire themselves)
  • each in an insulated thermos flask with cotton wool plugs and a thermometer
  • measure temperature change
97
Q

Describe an investigation for respiration (carbon dioxide)

A
  • Two test tubes with bungs on top with Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator inside
  • the indicator is red but will turn yellow when carbon dioxide concentration increases
98
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A
  • temperature
  • concentration gradient (difference in concentration)
  • distance
  • surface area : volume
99
Q

What surrounds the lungs and what is its purpose

A

The Pleural membrane - this forms a double layer between the lungs and the thorax walls. In between this is a thin layer of pleural fluid.

Together they form an air tight seal and prevent the lungs from sticking to the thorax wall

100
Q

what is ventilation

A

the process of moving air into and out of the lungs

101
Q

Describe the composition of air practical

A
  • t-tube arrangement going from a mouthpiece into two conical flasks or boiling tubes. The inhaled and exhaled air bubbles through the indicator as the student breathes in and out
102
Q

purpose of proteins

A
  • growth and repair of cells and tissue
  • fuel for respiration
103
Q

how is glucose stored in plants

A

as starch

104
Q

how is glucose stored in animals

A

as glycogen

105
Q

purpose of fibre

A

helps the movement of food through the intestine, preventing constipation and bowel cancer

106
Q

purpose of water

A

an essential solvent used to transport the components of blood and is crucial for temperature regulation

107
Q

Energy in food practical: Energy released from food per gram (J) =

A

Mass water (g) x Temp change x 4.2
————————————————
Mass food sample (g)

108
Q

what is bronchitis

A

a disease resulting from the build-up of infected mucus in the bronchi and bronchioles

109
Q

what are the 6 biological consequences of smoking

A
  • increased risk of cancer
  • bronchitis
  • smokers cough
  • lack of oxygen
  • emphysema
  • coronary heart disease
110
Q

how does smoking cause an increased risk of cancer

A

tobacco smoke contains carcinogens which can alter the DNA and increase risk of cancer (rapid uncontrolled cell growth

111
Q

how does smoking cause bronchitis and smokers cough

A

chemicals in the tobacco smoke destroy cilia so that they are less able to transport mucus out of the lungs. at the same time mucus production increases in response to the smoke.
This all causes a build up of mucus which causes the bronchitis and smokers cough

112
Q

how does smoking cause a lack of oxygen

A
  • destroys and damages alveoli so less oxygen diffuses into the blood (emphysema)
  • the carbon monoxide in the tobacco smoke irreversibly binds to the haemoglobin reducing its ability to carry oxygen
113
Q

what is emphysema

A

when, due to the tobacco smoke, the alveoli walls break down and fuse together, forming large irregular air spaces.
This decreases the surface area for gas exchange so less oxygen diffuses into the blood

114
Q

what is coronary heart disease and why does it occur

A
  • if diet has large amounts of saturated fats, fatty deposits build up in artery walls
  • this narrows lumen
  • this is a particular problem in the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart muscles
  • when this occurs here the heart muscles will receive less oxygen
  • this means anaerobic respiration must increase
  • lactic acid then builds up, poisoning the heart muscles and causing heart attacks
115
Q

how does smoking cause coronary heart disease

A

smoking increases the blood pressure and increases the risk of fatty acid deposits forming

116
Q

what things make coronary heart disease more likely

A
  • diet (saturated fats)
  • smoking (causes high blood pressure)
  • high blood pressure (increases rate of fatty deposits)
  • obesity (increase blood pressure and may be linked to poor diet)
  • lack of exercise (high blood pressure)
117
Q

what in your diet causes high blood pressure

A

high salt levels

118
Q

What does the gall bladder do

A

Stores bile to release into the duodenum as required

119
Q

What do the salivary glands do

A

Produces saliva which contains the enzyme salivary amylase

120
Q

What happens in the duodenum

A

This is where the food comes into contact with bile

121
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum then the ileum

122
Q

What does the oesophagus do

A

Connect the mouth to the stomsch

123
Q

What does the rectum do

A

Store faeces

124
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces amylase lipase and protease and releases them into the duodenum

125
Q

What does the anus do

A

Where the faeces leaves the body

126
Q

What does the stomach do

A

Contains the pepsin and also hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria

127
Q

What does the ileum do

A

Where the absorption of food molecules into the bloodstream takes place

128
Q

What does the liver do

A

Produces bile which is used to emulsify large fat molecules into smaller droplets

129
Q

What does the colon do

A

Water from food is absorbed here

Biology (22 decks)

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