Transfers and Theories of Learning, Reinforcement and Feedback

Question 1

Define transfer?

Answer 1

The influence that one skill has on the learning of another.

Question 2

What are fundamental motor skills?

Answer 2

The skills that form a base level for more complex skills. They are leant within childhood eg: running, catching, throwing.

Question 3

What are the five types of transfer?

Answer 3

Polly Not Polly Round (up) Boys

Question 4

Define Positive transfer?

Answer 4

When the learning of one skill ENHANCES the learning and performance of another.

Question 5

Define Negative transfer?

Answer 5

When the learning of one skill HINDERS the learning and performance of another. golf and hockey swing.

Question 6

Define Pro-active transfer? note: can be positive or negative

Answer 6

When a previously learnt skill influences a skill currently being learnt. overarm cricket throw- overhand tennis serve.

Question 7

Define Retro-active transfer? note: can be positive or negative

Answer 7

When a newly learnt skill influences a previously learnt skill tennis- newly learnt skills in badminton- back to tennis and play badly.

Question 8

Define Bi-lateral transfer?

Answer 8

Transfer of skills from left to right. The capacity of a performer who is predominately right handed to perform a skill on their left- football with left and right foot.

Question 9

How to optimise positive transfer?

Answer 9

• Clear and concise demonstrations
• Point out similar information processing
• Make the transferable elements clear
• Make sure previous skills have been grooved.

Question 10

How to limit the effects of negative transfer?

Answer 10

• Make the environment the skill is performed in and practiced in the same
• Divert attention away from elements that are not the same.
• Conflicting skills should not be taught close together eg: tennis and badminton.
• If using part practice- groove/ thoroughly learn sub-routines.

Question 11

Operant Conditioning Theory of Learning?

Answer 11

Through TRIAL AND ERROR responds to a stimulus to form and CONDITION the S-R BOND.
Presented by a Phycologist named “Skinner”.

Question 12

Example of Operant Conditioning theory of learning?

Answer 12

The teacher presents a stimulus of a tennis ball to the learner. The learner through TRIAL AND ERROR reacts or responds to the stimulus. The response of a forehand hit is gradually modified and conditioned. The performer is IMMEDIATELY REWARDED when they perform the correct response= strong S-R BOND.

Question 13

Evaluate Operant Conditioning as a theory of learning?

Answer 13

+ enables difficult skills to be learnt in small steps and slowly modified. +motivates due to pve reinforcement.
-time consuming, not in game situation so performer doesn’t gain full understanding.

Question 14

Cognitive Theory of Learning?

Answer 14

Believes learning is best achieved by presenting the whole skill in a realistic (game situation) = a GESTALT THEORY (whole pattern shown).
PROBLEM SOLVING= intelligence, past experiences and current knowledge.

Gestaltists believe that in attempting a skill as WHOLE and using problem soling, a deeper knowledge of how to perform the skill will be adapted

Question 15

Example of Cognitive Theory of Learning?

Answer 15

The learner is presented with the problem that their opponent is smashing their higher shots as a whole. They then use PROBLEM SOLVING ( intelligence, past experiences and current knowledge) within a game situation to hit the shuttle straighter and find that it’s harder for the opponent to smash.

Question 16

Evaluate Cognitive Theory of Learning?

Answer 16

+allows understanding as learner has to solve problem independently, learner becomes more adaptable in games and they learn to self correct.
-too much to process for beginners, beginners may loose motivation, time consuming.

Question 17

Observational Theory of Learning?

Answer 17

WATCH AND COPY. The phycologist Bandura created a model of Observational Learning. Demonstrations are key, REINFORCEMENT and ROLE MODELS= learning takes place. Bobo Doll Experiment.

Question 18

Example of Observational Theory of Learning?

Bandura’s Model of Observational Learning?

Answer 18

A learner watches a role model of theirs complete a chest pass. They watch and copy this skill and once they do it correctly their coach gives them positive reinforcement. They watch with ARMM Attention, Retention, Motivation, Motor Reproduction.

Question 19

Evaluate Observational Learning?

Answer 19

+quick method, can be used to learn whole skill, good for simple, discrete skills
-beginners may become demotivated, may view skill/technique incorrectly. Factors affect modelling: similar age, gender, sport, position, role model, clear demonstrations.

Question 20

Define Reinforcement?

Answer 20

The process that causes a response or behaviour to reoccur by strengthening the S-R bond.

Question 21

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 21

After a desired response is demonstrated by a learner the teacher will present a SHOW OF APPROVAL. Cn be intangible: “well-done! “ or tangible: a trophy. These rewards or “satisfiers” strengthen the S-R BOND.

Question 22

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 22

Involves WITHDRAWING an unpleasant stimulus. The teacher may show disapproval to a poor response, but once the performer responds correctly the unpleasant stimulus will be removed. WEAKENS incorrect learning bond and STRENGTHENS the correct one.

Question 23

Give an example of Negative Reinforcement ?

Answer 23

When trying to catch a rounders ball the learner will be faced with the unpleasant stimulus of the ball hitting their face, however, once they perform the correct response and catch it properly PAIN IS REMOVED. NRF has weakened incorrect response and strengthened correct catching technique and response.

Question 24

What is Punishment?

Answer 24

Involves GIVING an unpleasant stimulus to a performer to prevent a certain response from happening. BREAKS the undesired S-R bond. eg: a player is sent off pitch after making a deliberately high tackle in rugby.

Question 25

Thorndike’s Laws of Reinforcement? Thorndike was UGLY- ERR!

Answer 25

Thorndike strongly believed that connecting S-R bonds was the most effective way to learn.
Law of EFFECT, Law of EXERCISE, Law of READINESS.

Question 26

Detail Thorndike’s Laws of Reinforcement?

Answer 26

1. Effect-states that if behaviour is reinforced the s-r bond is strengthened , the best ways to strengthen are positive feedback and the presenting a satisfier.
2. Exercise- if repeated practice takes place, the s-r bond will be strengthened eg: continually shooting.
3. Readiness- if the learner is mentally and physically capable, only then can s-r bond be strengthened eg; young child can’t reach hoop or shoot so wont be positively reinforced. (+tiredness and information load can hinder bond.)