Post Industrial Sports

Question 1

What does post industrial refer to?

Answer 1

1850+ (Impacts of the Industrial Revolution)

Question 2

What has happened/ changed in terms of social class?

Answer 2

There is now the emergence of a middle class that differs from pre industrial feudal society.

Question 3

Urbanisation?

Answer 3

The process of people moving to cities. Upper classes invest money into industries.
Lower classes move to seek better paid jobs in towns and cities.

Question 4

Social Class: Amateurs and Professionals?

Answer 4

Amatuers- individuals who DIDN’T get paid to play and they saw being paid as vulgar. ENJOYMENT
Professionals- got PAID money and earned an income as they were skilled at the games. FINANCIAL GAIN
BUT they were treated differently, separate chaning rooms, made to clean kit and boots. eg: Rugby League- paid professionals and Rugby Union- amatuer untill 1993.

Question 5

Gender?

Answer 5

Increased social status of women as young men are killed in wars and migrate across Empire. Increased need for women, campaigns for women’s rights. Increased access to sport and recreation.
LAWN TENNIS- suitable for women.

Question 6

Law and Order?

Answer 6

More defined laws. Rich and uppermiddle classes created laws that banned lowerclass sports such as mob football and bare knuckle fighting. 
Favoured their own sports eg: fox hunting.

Question 7

Education and Litearacy?

Answer 7

Vast majority of lower-class still uneducated due to exclusion from society from upper-class. 
Child labour and workhouses.

Question 8

What act caused increased eduation for lowerclass children?

Answer 8

EDUCATON ACT -1870. Meant they could understand more rules within sport.

Question 9

Transport?

Answer 9

The industrial revolution saw the rise of trasport gradually. RAILWAYS, bikes, cannals, trams = SPECTATORS.

Question 10

Avaliablity of time and money?

Answer 10

The growth of factories and machinary as steam power became widespread= 70+ HOURS per week.
Recreational areas decreased.
HALF DAY SATURDAY LAW allowed Saturdays for sport and recreation.

Question 11

What were the payments called that allowed professionals to play with amateurs?

Answer 11

Broken time payments.

Question 12

What emerged for upper and middle class children?

Answer 12

PUBLIC schools- rules and governing bodies.

Muscular Christianity and Cult of Athleticism.

Question 13

Post Industrial Affect on Working Class? What did they gain? PANTS

Answer 13

Public Facilities
Acts of Parliament- Factory and Industrial Relations

Newspapers= but still alot of illiteracy
Time, Travel, Transport
Social Class- middle class

Question 14

What did the Factories and Industrial Relations Act result in for the working class?

Answer 14

70+ hours a week —————————– 56 hours a week

Question 15

Post Industrial Affect on Working Class? What did they loose? A SHIRT

Answer 15

Acceptance- factory owners discouraged traditional
activuties
Space - lost due to urbanisation
Health- due to poor conditions in factories and poor
living conditions
Independance- controlled by upper and middle class
Rights- due to long hours and low pay
Time- due to long wokring hours.

Question 16

Who were public schools for?

Answer 16

The upper-class as no other schools were available.
Boarding Schools
Public schools took the mob games of the working class and gave them rules= RATIONAL RECREATION= positions, space limits, time limits, fixed numbers.

Question 17

What was the fagging system?

Answer 17

Sports were encouraged as a form of “control”.
Perfects- 16-18
Fags- under 16
Lead to bullying and complaints from parents.

Question 18

Characteristics of Public Schools? GB FENCES

Answer 18

Gentry 
Boys 
Fee-paying
Endowed 
Non-local
Controlled by governors
Expanding sport
Simple and basic

Question 19

Impact of Thomas Arnold?

Answer 19

Headmaster of Rugby Public School
Used sports as a form of SOCIAL CONTROL 
Revised the fagging system, increased pastoral care
Developed the "House System" 
MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY
ATHLETICISM

Question 20

Define muscular Christianity?

Answer 20

The link between sports and being a good Christian gentleman
“A healthy body and mind to serve god”

Question 21

Define athleticism?

Cult of athleticism?

Answer 21

The combination of physical endeavour and morale integrity.

AN OBSESSION WITH THE LINK between physical endeavour and moral integrity.

Question 22

Athleticism Values and Ethics?

Answer 22

Leadership
Loyalty 
Endeavour
Team work  
Respect 
Courage 
Sportsmanship

Question 23

Describe the “melting pot” phenomenon?

Answer 23

Public school boys move to either Oxford or Cambridge— Take the sports they have developed with them— Sports were “CODIFIED” due to too many variations— They then oversee and govern these sports= NGB’S FORMED

Question 24

How did public schools help to organise sports?

Answer 24

• Facilities/ space
• Coaching- specialist
• Time- increased and put into school curriculum
• Interhouse games/competition

Question 25

How did former public school boys export and spread sport?

Answer 25

• Codified and standardised rules
• Created NGB’s
• Became missionaries and clergy’s at their parishes
• Joined the war
• Abroad employers

Question 26

What did the formation of the Football Association lead to? (FA)

Answer 26

Increased amounts of law and order within society.

Formation of Rugby Football Union- 1871

Question 27

What process took place at public schools? A+A

Answer 27

Adopt and Adapt eg: The Eaton Wall Game

Ideas from mob football (POPULAR) = CODIFIED- 100m wall, 2 targets, set teams= Rugby Union (RATIONAL)