Post Industrial Sports Flashcards
What does post industrial refer to?
1850+ (Impacts of the Industrial Revolution)
What has happened/ changed in terms of social class?
There is now the emergence of a middle class that differs from pre industrial feudal society.
Urbanisation?
The process of people moving to cities. Upper classes invest money into industries.
Lower classes move to seek better paid jobs in towns and cities.
Social Class: Amateurs and Professionals?
Amatuers- individuals who DIDN’T get paid to play and they saw being paid as vulgar. ENJOYMENT
Professionals- got PAID money and earned an income as they were skilled at the games. FINANCIAL GAIN
BUT they were treated differently, separate chaning rooms, made to clean kit and boots. eg: Rugby League- paid professionals and Rugby Union- amatuer untill 1993.
Gender?
Increased social status of women as young men are killed in wars and migrate across Empire. Increased need for women, campaigns for women’s rights. Increased access to sport and recreation.
LAWN TENNIS- suitable for women.
Law and Order?
More defined laws. Rich and uppermiddle classes created laws that banned lowerclass sports such as mob football and bare knuckle fighting. Favoured their own sports eg: fox hunting.
Education and Litearacy?
Vast majority of lower-class still uneducated due to exclusion from society from upper-class. Child labour and workhouses.
What act caused increased eduation for lowerclass children?
EDUCATON ACT -1870. Meant they could understand more rules within sport.
Transport?
The industrial revolution saw the rise of trasport gradually. RAILWAYS, bikes, cannals, trams = SPECTATORS.
Avaliablity of time and money?
The growth of factories and machinary as steam power became widespread= 70+ HOURS per week.
Recreational areas decreased.
HALF DAY SATURDAY LAW allowed Saturdays for sport and recreation.
What were the payments called that allowed professionals to play with amateurs?
Broken time payments.
What emerged for upper and middle class children?
PUBLIC schools- rules and governing bodies.
Muscular Christianity and Cult of Athleticism.
Post Industrial Affect on Working Class? What did they gain? PANTS
Public Facilities
Acts of Parliament- Factory and Industrial Relations
Newspapers= but still alot of illiteracy
Time, Travel, Transport
Social Class- middle class
What did the Factories and Industrial Relations Act result in for the working class?
70+ hours a week —————————– 56 hours a week
Post Industrial Affect on Working Class? What did they loose? A SHIRT
Acceptance- factory owners discouraged traditional
activuties
Space - lost due to urbanisation
Health- due to poor conditions in factories and poor
living conditions
Independance- controlled by upper and middle class
Rights- due to long hours and low pay
Time- due to long wokring hours.
Who were public schools for?
The upper-class as no other schools were available. Boarding Schools Public schools took the mob games of the working class and gave them rules= RATIONAL RECREATION= positions, space limits, time limits, fixed numbers.
What was the fagging system?
Sports were encouraged as a form of “control”.
Perfects- 16-18
Fags- under 16
Lead to bullying and complaints from parents.
Characteristics of Public Schools? GB FENCES
Gentry Boys Fee-paying Endowed Non-local Controlled by governors Expanding sport Simple and basic
Impact of Thomas Arnold?
Headmaster of Rugby Public School Used sports as a form of SOCIAL CONTROL Revised the fagging system, increased pastoral care Developed the "House System" MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY ATHLETICISM
Define muscular Christianity?
The link between sports and being a good Christian gentleman
“A healthy body and mind to serve god”
Define athleticism?
Cult of athleticism?
The combination of physical endeavour and morale integrity.
AN OBSESSION WITH THE LINK between physical endeavour and moral integrity.
Athleticism Values and Ethics?
Leadership Loyalty Endeavour Team work Respect Courage Sportsmanship
Describe the “melting pot” phenomenon?
Public school boys move to either Oxford or Cambridge— Take the sports they have developed with them— Sports were “CODIFIED” due to too many variations— They then oversee and govern these sports= NGB’S FORMED
How did public schools help to organise sports?
- Facilities/ space
- Coaching- specialist
- Time- increased and put into school curriculum
- Interhouse games/competition
How did former public school boys export and spread sport?
- Codified and standardised rules
- Created NGB’s
- Became missionaries and clergy’s at their parishes
- Joined the war
- Abroad employers
What did the formation of the Football Association lead to? (FA)
Increased amounts of law and order within society.
Formation of Rugby Football Union- 1871
What process took place at public schools? A+A
Adopt and Adapt eg: The Eaton Wall Game
Ideas from mob football (POPULAR) = CODIFIED- 100m wall, 2 targets, set teams= Rugby Union (RATIONAL)
