(Joints, Muscles and Bones)

Question 1

What muscle is the ball and socket joint at the shoulder always supported by?

Answer 1

The Trapezius, this muscle is a fixator which means it contracts to stabilise the agonist.

Question 2

What muscle is the hinge joint at the elbow and the condyloid joint at the wrist always supported by?

Answer 2

The Anterior Deltoid, a fixator.

Question 3

What muscle is the ball and socket joint at the hip always supported by?

Answer 3

The Rectus Abdominus, a fixator.

Question 4

What muscle is the hinge joint at the knee supported by?

Answer 4

The Illiopsoas, a fixator.

Question 5

What muscle is the hinge joint at the ankle always supported by?

Answer 5

The Rectus Femoris, a fixator.

Question 6

Describe the movement of flexion and extension at the shoulder?

Answer 6

Takes place within the sagittal plane.
Flexion- Agonist- Anterior Deltoid
Extension- Agonist- Posterior Deltoid

Question 7

Describe the movement of adduction and abduction at the shoulder?

Answer 7

Takes place within the frontal plane.
Adduction- Agonist- Latissimus Dorsi
Abduction- Agonist- Medial Deltoid

Question 8

Describe the movement of horizonal flexion and horizontal extension at the shoulder?

Answer 8

Movement within the transverse plane.
Horizontal flexion- Agonist- Pectoralis Major
Horizontal extension- Agonist- Posterior Deltoid

Question 9

Describe the movement of medial and lateral rotation at the shoulder?

Answer 9

Movement within the transverse plane.
Medial Rotation- Agonist- Pectoralis Major- tt top spin.
Lateral Rotation- Agonist- Teres Minor and Infraspinatous- tt backhand top spin.

Question 10

Describe the movement of flexion and extension at the elbow?

Answer 10

Movement within the Sagittal plane.
Flexion- Agonist- Biceps brahii
Extension- Antagonist- Triceps brachii

Question 11

Describe the movement of flexion and extension at the hip?

Answer 11

Movement in the Sagittal plane.
Flexion- Agonist- Illiopsoas- leading leg stretched over hurdle
Extension- Antagonist- Gluteus Maximus- back leg over hurdle.

Question 12

Describe the movement of adduction and abduction at the hip?

Answer 12

Movement in the frontal plane.
Adduction- Agonist- Adductor longus
Abduction- Agonist- Gluteus medius

Question 13

Describe the movement of medial and lateral rotation at the hip?

Answer 13

Movement in the Transverse plane.
Medial rotation- Agonist- Gluteus medius and minimus- curling a free kick.
Lateral Rotation- Gluteus Maximus- trivela free kick

Question 14

Describe the movement of flexion and extension at the knee?

Answer 14

Movement in the sagittal plane.
Flexion-3 Agonist- hamstrings- bf, st, sm
Extension, 4 Agonist- quadriceps- rf, vm, vl, vi

Question 15

Describe the movement of dorsi-flexion and plantar-flexion at the ankle?

Answer 15

Movement in the sagittal plane.
Dorsi-flexion- Agonist- Tibialus Anterior
Plantar- flexion- Agonist- Gastrocnemius, soleus

Question 16

What is a motor unit?

Answer 16

A motor neuron and it’s muscle fibres.

Question 17

What is action potential?

Answer 17

A positive electrical charge inside the nerves and muscle cells that conducts the nerve impulses DOWN the motor neurone.

Question 18

Step by step Motor Unit Stimulation?

Answer 18

1. Impulse/stimulus sent from the CNS in brain down the axon/motor neurone.
2. Action potential takes place.
3. The release of sodium causes depolarisation.
4. At the Neuromuscular Junction, neurotransmitters secrete acetylcholine.
5. Impulse crosses synaptic cleft, ACh binds to receptors on motor end plates= all muscle fibres will contract or none at all (ALL OR NONE LAW)

Question 19

Skeletal Muscle Fibres?

Answer 19

Type 1- Slow Oxidative
Type 2a- Fast Oxidative Glycotic
Type 2b- Fast Glycotic
Structural: Glycogen Stores- High Intermediate Low
Phosphocreatine Stores- High Intermediate Low
Capillary Density- High Intermediate Low
Functional: Rate of Fatigue- High Intermediate Low
Motor Unit Stimulation- Low Intermediate Low
Aerobic Capacity- High Intermediate Low

Question 20

Warm Up? Give two ways a warm up affects the speed and strength of muscular contractions= (faster and greater force.)

Answer 20

Raises pulse rate, dilates capillaries, increases oxygen intake and muscles become more elastic due to increase in BODY TEMPERATURE.
=Faster contractions with a greater force+ ROM.
=Reduction in blood viscosity so blood flows faster through capillaries.
=Enhances glycolic enzyme reaction and ATP conversion.

Question 21

Cool Down Effects ?

Answer 21

Allows oxygen debt to be paid, keeps oxygenated blood flowing= flushes out lactic acid, keeps capillaries open and prevents DOMS and BLOOD POOLING.
=activates and maintains the respiratory and skeletal pump. ]
=Reduces risk of injury and reversibility.