Motivation, Attitudes and Arousal Flashcards
How does motivation affect us?
Affects the intensity (level of arousal) of our behaviours
Affects the direction of our behaviours
Define inTRINSIC motivation?
The INTERNAL DRIVE within to succeed and perform well- involves emotional feelings
eg: participating for fun, you score a goal in football and feel a sense of achievement
+more self sufficient, can encourage life long participation
-may not be enough for beginners, cognitive learner may find it difficult
Define exTRINSIC motivation?
The EXTERNAL DRIVE within to succeed and perform well.
eg: pressure from the opposition motivates you to score in netball.
+very effective with children and beginners, increased confidence and motivates
- if removed overall motivation may decline, if over used can loose it’s effect.
General points regarding motivation? EXAM
In most cases performers are motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically eg: Mo Farah likes to hear the crowd cheering for him but also loves running.
Personality is linked to motivation eg: extrovert needs high arousal levels to remain motivated
Goal setting increases motivation as satisfaction is felt and achieved each time a goal is met.
Define attitudes?
A set of feelings and beliefs about someone or something.
What are the three components of attitudes?
CAB = TRADIC MODEL Cognitive element (knowledge/ beliefs) Affective (feelings/ emotions) Behavioural ( what you do)
Give an example of the Triadic Model?
You know and believe that you don’t like rugby.
You feel a sense of anxiety when you play it.
You don’t participate in rugby training at your local club
Define Prejudice and Stereotypes:
PREJUDdice is a pre judgement towards an idea or individual:
- Inaccurate information
- Previous bad experiences of others
- Inaccurate media portrayal
Stereotypes: A generalisation of individuals or a group of people eg: women can’t play football= FIFA Women’s World Cup
What is the persuasive Communication theory?
Verbally attempt to change someone’s mind/ attitude.
- Must be clear and understood
- Must come from someone individual respects/ is a role model
- The timing of the message is important eg: not straight after a big game
- More effective if the method is BALANCED.
What is the cognitive dissonance theory?
Aim to change an element of the triadic model and create an imbalance.
The aim is to create DISSONANCE
- Between two conflicting things in a persons lifestyle
- Coach creates/ highlights conflict
-Then educates (cognitive )
-Creates a fun session (affective)
- Coach praises behaviour (behavioural)
What are the other methods of changing attitudes?
Negative Reinforcement- you feel less tired after eating healthily.
Punishment- you are convicted after taking drugs
Positive Reinforcement
What are the Origins of attitudes?
Previous experiences Parents attitudes Social norms Cultural restrictions due to religions Role models Lack of Opportunities
Define arousal?
A state of readiness that demonstrates the intensity of your motivation.
What are the five key components of arousal?
- DRIVE
- INVERTED- U
- CATASTROPHE
- Peak- flow experience
- Reticular Activating System
Drive Theory? (DD)
States the relationship between arousal and performance is linear.
Refers to the Dominant response, as arousal increases you are more likely to see this.
Beginners= make mistakes
Experienced= perform correctly
Inverted U Theory?
As levels of arousal increase, so does performance to a certain point (optimum arousal level), then further increase leads to performer becoming over aroused.
=drop in skill level.
They aim to maintain arousal in ZONE OF OPTIMAL FUNCTIONING.
What three factors affect arousal level in the Inverted- U theory?
- Personality- Introvert (Low), Extrovert (High)
- Skill level- Beginner (Low), Expert (High)
- Skill Classification- Simple (HIGH), Complex (LOW )
Catastrophe Theory?
States that as arousal increases so does performance to optimum arousal level, then there is a SUDDEN and DRAMATIC drop in performance.
After the catastrophe response you can decrease arousal and recover but never to same optimum level
What two types of anxiety affect the catastrophe theory?
Cognitive- MIND- anxiety, worry.
Somatic- BODY- sweating ,trembling.
Peak- flow performance?
Being “in the zone”
To get into peak flow performer must be MOTIVATED enough
Must not be bored and must also be challenged.
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Maintains arousal levels
Controls sensory information- ENHANCES/ INHBITS
Extroverts reticular systems inhibit sensory information so need high levels of arousal.
Introverts reticular systems enhance sensory information so need low levels of arousal.
