Trans - Neurohistology

Question 1

2 main types of cells in neural tissue

Answer 1

1. neurons

2. neuroglia

Question 2

appearance of neuron under microscope

Answer 2

dark staining cytoplasm, pale staining nucleus with prominent nucleolus, prominent Golgi complex

Question 3

central region in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus

Answer 3

perikaryon

Question 4

Nissl bodies - define

Answer 4

clumps of basophilic material in the perikaryon

Question 5

dendrite - function

Answer 5

receive input

Question 6

axon - function

Answer 6

transmit output

Question 7

differentiate dendrite and axon

Answer 7

dendrites are short, numerous and branched

axons are long, single, and unbranched

Question 8

cortical extension of the soma into the axon

Answer 8

axon hillock

Question 9

end of the axon

Answer 9

terminal bouton

Question 10

rope-like intertwining component of cytoskeleton

Answer 10

microfilament

Question 11

component of cytoskeleton resembling a spiderweb

Answer 11

intermediate filaments

Question 12

what are the most prominent components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 12

microtubules

Question 13

microtubules - function

Answer 13

transport of vesicles from golgi body to terminal bouton

organelle movement

Question 14

what produces the myelin sheath in the CNS

Answer 14

oligodendrocytes

Question 15

what produces the myelin sheath in the PNS

Answer 15

schwann cells

Question 16

myelin sheaths are better observed using:

Answer 16

osmium fixation

Question 17

unipolar neurons - appearance

Answer 17

one axon, no dendrites

Question 18

unipolar neurons - where are they found

Answer 18

embryonic CNS

Question 19

pseudo unipolar neurons - appearance

Answer 19

dendrites branch friom the axon

Question 20

pseudo unipolar neurons - examples

Answer 20

sensory neurons

Question 21

what type of neuron is the most susceptible to injury

Answer 21

pseudo unipolar neuron

Question 22

bipolar neuron - appearance

Answer 22

2 processes on opposite ends of the soma - axon on one side, dendrites on the other

Question 23

bipolar neuron - examples

Answer 23

neurons which transmit special senses (retina, olfactory, etc)

Question 24

multipolar neuron - appearance

Answer 24

many cytoplasmic processes, only one axon

Question 25

multipolar neuron - examples

Answer 25

pyramidal cells, purkinjie cells

Question 26

2 types of multipolar neuron

Answer 26

1. Golgi type 1 | 2. Golgi type 2

Question 27

what type of neuron is the most common (structure-wise)

Answer 27

multipolar neurons

Question 28

Golgi type 2 - appearance

Answer 28

have locally projecting axons (remain in grey matter of cerebrum)

Question 29

Golgi type 1 - appearance

Answer 29

have long projecting axons (ex. pyramidal cells)

Question 30

what type of neuron is the most common (function-wise)

Answer 30

interneurons

Question 31

layers of the cerebral cortex

Answer 31

1. molecular layer 2. external granular 3. external pyramidal 4. internal granular 5. internal pyramidal 6. multiform layer

Question 32

molecular layer - characteristics

Answer 32

no neuron soma - dendrites and axons only

Question 33

external granular layer - characteristics

Answer 33

with small pyramidal neurons

Question 34

shape of granular neurons

Answer 34

stellate

Question 35

external pyramidal layer - characteristics

Answer 35

with small-medium pyramidal neurons

Question 36

what layer is the main source of cortical-cortical efferent fibers of the motor system

Answer 36

external pyramidal layer

Question 37

internal granular layer - characteristics

Answer 37

with stellate and pyramidal neurons

Question 38

what layer is the main target for thalamocortical afferent fibers

Answer 38

internal granular

Question 39

line of Gennari - what lobe

Answer 39

occipital

Question 40

line of Gennari - what layer

Answer 40

internal granular (4th)

Question 41

internal pyramidal layer - characteristics

Answer 41

with large pyramidal neurons

Question 42

example of large pyramidal neuron

Answer 42

Betz cells

Question 43

what layer is the principal source of subcortical efferent fibers and the corticospinal tract

Answer 43

internal pyramidal

Question 44

what layer is responsible for the reciprocal connections to and from the thalamus

Answer 44

multiform

Question 45

multiform layer - characteristics

Answer 45

with large pyramidal neurons, spindle like neurons, multiform neurons

Question 46

how can astrocytes be seen more clearly (stain)

Answer 46

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) stain

Question 47

fibrous astrocyte - function

Answer 47

sends foot processes involed in BBB

Question 48

protoplasmic astrocytes - function

Answer 48

processes envelop synapses for nutrition, regulation, and support

Question 49

differentiate astrocyte from neuron under the microscope

Answer 49

astrocyte has dark staining nucleus

Question 50

oligodendroglia - function

Answer 50

myelination

Question 51

approx. how many axons does an oligodendrocyte myelinate

Answer 51

50

Question 52

microglia - function

Answer 52

phagocytic cells of CNS - engulf pathogens and foreign material, clean up remnants of physiological cell death

Question 53

ependymal cells - shape

Answer 53

cuboidal

Question 54

ependymal cells - function

Answer 54

lining of ventricles and CSF canals, involved in movement of CSF

Question 55

[T/F] ependymal cells are ciliated

Answer 55

T

Question 56

number of layers in hippocampus

Answer 56

3

Question 57

which layers are in hippocampus

Answer 57

1. molecular 2. granular 3. pyramidal

Question 58

number of layers in cerebellum

Answer 58

3

Question 59

what layers are in cerebellum

Answer 59

1. molecular 2. Purkinjie 3. granular

Question 60

approx how many axons does a Schwann cell myelinate

Answer 60

1

Question 61

Schwann cell - function

Answer 61

myelination of axons | repair of damaged axons

Question 62

what is the neuropil

Answer 62

neurons and neuroglia

Question 63

appearance of oligodendrocytes under microscope

Answer 63

fried eggs

Question 64

cells in anterior horn of spinal cord

Answer 64

large pyramidal neurons

Question 65

cells in white matter of spinal cord (other than neurons)

Answer 65

oligodendrocytes