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[OS 202] A > Trans - Brainstem > Flashcards

Trans - Brainstem Flashcards

1
Q

brainstem - function

A
  1. connect spinal cord and forebrain
  2. conduct ascending and descending fiber tracts
  3. center for reflexes
  4. contain cranial nerve nuclei
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2
Q

which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the brainstem

A

3 to 12

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3
Q

brainstem - major subdivisions

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla
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4
Q

what passes through cerebral peduncles?

A
  1. corticospinal tract
  2. corticobulbar tract
  3. corticopontine fibers
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5
Q

cranial nerves exit through this structure

A

cerebellopontine angle

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6
Q

space between cerebellar peduncles

A

interpeduncular fossa

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7
Q

structure between anterior median sulcus and anterolateral sulcus

A

pyramid

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8
Q

structure between anteriolateral and posterolateral sulci

A

olive

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9
Q

the pyramid is mostly composed of these fibers

A

corticospinal tract

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10
Q

the olive is a protrusion of what structure

A

inferior olivary nucleus

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11
Q

corpora quadrigemina - components

A
  1. superior colliculi

2. inferior colliculi

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12
Q

where is the obex located

A

apex of 4th ventricle, boundary between open and closed medulla

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13
Q

obex - function

A

involved in vomiting and nausea

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14
Q

what cranial nerves are unattached to the brainstem? where do they attach?

A

CN I olfactory - attaches to frontal lobe

CN II optic - optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate body

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15
Q

CN III - where is it attached

A

level of superior colliculi, projects into interpeduncular fossa

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16
Q

CN IV - where is it attached

A

level of inferior colliculi, only one to exit dorsally

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17
Q

which cranial nerves exit dorsally

A

CN IV

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18
Q

CN V - where is it attached

A

midpons

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19
Q

CN VI - where is it attached

A

most medial CN along pontomedullary sulcus

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20
Q

CN VII - where is it attached

A

lateral to CN VI along pontomedullary sulcus

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21
Q

CN VII - root components

A
  1. median root

2. sensory root (nervus intermedius)

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22
Q

what root of CN VII is larger?

A

median root

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23
Q

nervus intermedius - define

A

sensory root of CN VII

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24
Q

CN VIII - where is it attached

A

most lateral CN along pontomedullary sulcus

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25
Q

CN VII - which root is more lateral

A

cochlear root

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26
Q

CN VII - which root is more medial

A

vestibular root

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27
Q

CN IX - where is it attached

A

lateral side of upper medulla

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28
Q

CN IX - 5 branches

A
  1. tympanic
  2. carotid
  3. pharyngeal
  4. subpharyngeal
  5. lingual
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29
Q

CN X - where is it attached

A

lateral side of medulla inferior to CN IX

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30
Q

CN XI - where is it attached

A

lateral side of medulla inferior to CN X

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31
Q

nucleus ambiguus - define

A

cranial root of CN XI

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32
Q

nucleus ambiguus - function

A

swallowing and vocalization

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33
Q

CN XI - spinal root - function

A

head and shoulder muscle movement

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34
Q

CN XII - where is it attached

A

between olive and pyramid

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35
Q

due to developmental twisting, dorsal structures come to lie (1)______ and ventral structures come to lie (2)______

A
  1. posteriorly

2. anteriorly

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36
Q

in the brainstem, sensory areas are located (1)_____ and motor areas are located (2)______

A
  1. dorsolaterally

2. ventromedially

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37
Q

general somatic efferent fibers innervate:

A

skeletal muscles

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38
Q

special visceral efferent fibers innervate:

A

facial muscles (muscles from branchial arches)

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39
Q

general visceral efferent fibers innervate:

A

autonomic functions

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40
Q

general visceral afferent fibers obtain input from:

A

organs and viscera

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41
Q

general somatic afferent fibers obtain input from:

A

receptors for pain, temperature, mechanical stimuli from skin, muscles, etc.

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42
Q

special somatic afferent fibers obtain input from:

A

special senses (ex. hearing and balance)

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43
Q

what cranial nerves are somatic motor nerves?

A

3, 4, 6, 12

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44
Q

what cranial nerves are special sensory nerves?

A

1, 2, 8

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45
Q

what cranial nerves are branchiomeric nerves?

A

5, 7, 8, 10, 11

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46
Q

what cranial nerves have nuclei in the midbrain?

A

3, 4, 5

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47
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus - function

A

control pupil size and lens length

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48
Q

Edinger-Westphal nucleus belongs to what cranial nerve

A

3

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49
Q

what nucleus of CN V is in the midbrain

A

mesencephalic nucleus

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50
Q

what cranial nerves have nuclei in the pons?

A

5, 7, 8, 9, 10

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51
Q

motor nuclei in pons (4)

A
  1. motor nucleus of CN V
  2. abducens nuclei
  3. facial nuclei
  4. superior salivatory nucleus (CN X)
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52
Q

superior salivatory nucleus belongs to what nerve?

A

CN X

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53
Q

sensory nuclei in pons (4)

A
  1. main sensory nuclei of CN V
  2. spinal nucleus of V
  3. vestibular nucleus
  4. cochlear nucleus
54
Q

spinal nucleus of CN V - function

A

pain sensation in face

55
Q

what cranial nerves have nuclei in the rostral medulla?

A

9, 10, 11, 12

56
Q

nucleus ambiguous - which cranial nerves involved

57
Q

inferior salivatory nucleus - what cranial nerve involved, where is it located, what type of fiber

A

9, rostral medulla, general visceral efferent

58
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of CN X - where is it located, what type of fiber

A

rostral medulla, general visceral efferent to GI tract

59
Q

solitary nucleus - what cranial nerve is involved

60
Q

solitary nucleus - function

A

tasting and smelling

61
Q

spinal nucleus of CN V continues until what level

62
Q

what cranial nerves have nuclei in caudal medulla?

63
Q

nuclei in caudal medulla

A
  1. accessory nucleus (11)

2. spinal nucleus (5)

64
Q

decussation - define

A

crossing of fibers to the contralateral side

65
Q

lamination - define

A

formation of layers, often arranged in chronological manner

66
Q

reticular formation - function

A

autonomic functions - breathing, digestion, BP regulation, heart rate regulation

67
Q

[T/F] grey matter is located outside of white matter in brainstem

68
Q

spinothalamic tract - ascending or descending

69
Q

spinocerebellar tract - ascending or descending

70
Q

spinothalamic tract - function

A

pain and temperature sensation

71
Q

auditory tract - ascending or descending

72
Q

gustatory tract - ascending or descending

73
Q

medial lemniscal dorsal column pathway - function

A

fine touch, vibration, and conscious proprioceptive sensation

74
Q

ascending reticular activating system - function

A

consciousness, arousal

75
Q

ARAS - ascending or descending

76
Q

corticospinal tract - ascending or descending

A

descending

77
Q

corticospinal tract - function

A

movement of skeletal muscles

78
Q

corticobulbar tract - function

A

control of cranial muscles

79
Q

corticobulbar tract - ascending or descending

A

descending

80
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus - ascending or descending

A

neither (mixed)

81
Q

medial longitudinal fasciculus - functon

A

connect different cranial nerves (3,4,6,7) to control eye movement

82
Q

another name for incisura

A

tentorium cerebelli

83
Q

clivus - define

A

depression in cranium which supports the pons

84
Q

basilar artery - where is it located?

A

midline of pons within pontine cisterna

85
Q

what cistern overlies the pontocerebellar angle

A

pontocerebellar cistern

86
Q

relationship of superior cerebellar peduncles to 4th ventricle

A

superior cerebellar peduncles form the roof of the 4th ventricle

87
Q

differentiate intra-axial and extra-axial lesions

A

intra-axial - from inside the brain

extra-axial - from outside the brain

88
Q

tectum - define

A

roof of 4th ventricle

89
Q

tegmentum - define

A

floor of 4th ventricle

90
Q

tegmentum is composed of grey or white matter?

A

grey matter

91
Q

parts of tegmentum (cross section)

A
  1. sensory fibers and nuclei
  2. motor fibers and nuclei
  3. reticular fibers
92
Q

sensory fibers and nuclei of tegmentum are located

A

dorsolaterally

93
Q

motor fibers and nuclei of tegmentum are located:

A

ventrolaterally

94
Q

areas of brainstem (cross section)

A
  1. tectum
  2. tegmentum
  3. base
  4. ventricle
95
Q

tectum can only be seen in what region of the brainstem

96
Q

corticospinal tract is located in what area of the brainstem (cross section)

97
Q

base is composed of grey or white matter?

A

white matter

98
Q

in what region of the brainstem is the cerebral aqueduct found

99
Q

red nucleus - where is it found

100
Q

red nucleus - why is it red

A

iron content

101
Q

red nucleus - function

A

crawling in babies, arm swinging in adults, movement in limbless organisms

102
Q

what structures are posterior to the red nucleus in cross section?

A

thalamus and 3rd ventricle

103
Q

in what region of the brainstem are the superior colliculi found

A

rostral midbrain

104
Q

saccades - define

A

fast eye movements

105
Q

saccades - what part of the brainstem is involved

A

superior colliculi

106
Q

substantia nigra sends fibers to which part of the basal ganglia

A

striatum (putamen and caudate)

107
Q

ventral tegmental area - function

A

pleasure, reward, fear, addiction

108
Q

where is the oculomotor nucleus located?

A

floor of cerebral aqueduct

109
Q

inferior colliculi - function

A

relay in auditory pathway

110
Q

part of the brainstem functioning in defensive behavior, female copulatory behavior (lordosis) and happiness/relaxatio

A

periaqueductal gray

111
Q

inferior colliculi recieve input from where, and relay information to where?

A

input recieved from contralateral ear

output to medal geniculate nucleus in thalamus

112
Q

nucleus that decussates in superior medullary velum

A

trochlear nucleus

113
Q

locus ceruleus - what neurotransmitter produced

A

norepinephrine

114
Q

what part of the brainstem has increased firing rate during arousal and stress, is slower in drowsiness, and is abolished in sleep?

A

locus ceruleus

115
Q

boundary of rostral and caudal pons

A

attachment of CN V

116
Q

what creates the facial colliculis

A

fascicles of CN VII loop around CN VI

117
Q

where does the inferior olivary nucleus transmit its fibers

A

contralateral inferior cerebellar peduncle

118
Q

solitary tract - 2 parts

A

rostral and caudal

119
Q

solitary tract - rostral part - function

A

taste input

120
Q

solitary tract - caudal part - function

A

receive cranial afferent inputs related to cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal receptors

121
Q

nucleus ambiguous gives rise to what afferents

A

CN 9 - stylopharyngeus

CN 10 - other pharyngeal muscles

122
Q

in what region of the brainstem do the vestibular and cochlear nuclei occupy the ventricular floor

A

pontomedullary junctin

123
Q

what structure contains the decussation of the corticospinal tract

124
Q

what is the boundary of the rostral and caudal medulla

A

pyramidal decussation

125
Q

structures in the ventral medulla

A

pyramids and pyramidal decussation

126
Q

structures in the dorsal medulla

A

nucleus cuneatus, cuneate tubercle, fasciculus cuneatus

nucleus gracilis, gracile tubercle, fasciculus gracilis

127
Q

nucleus cuneatus - define

A
  1. rostral end of fasciculus cuneatus

2. origin of arm portion of medial lemniscus

128
Q

nucleus gracilis - define

A
  1. rostral end of fasciculus gracilis

2. origin of leg portion of medial lemniscus

129
Q

which is more lateral? nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus

A

nucleus cuneatus

130
Q

which is more medial? nucleus gracilis or nucleus cuneatus

A

nucleus gracilis

[OS 202] A (18 decks)

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