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[OS 202] A > Trans - Diencephalon > Flashcards

Trans - Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

components of diencephalon

A
  1. epithalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. subthalamus
  4. hypothalamus
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2
Q

ventricle associated with the diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

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3
Q

relationship of epithalamus with 3rd ventricle

A

epithalamus forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle

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4
Q

pineal gland - function

A

produces melatonin that modulates the sleep-wake cycle

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5
Q

pineal gland - substance produced

A

melatonin

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6
Q

pineal gland is active during periods of:

A

darkness

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7
Q

pineal gland - importance in radiology

A

gland accumulates calcium (radiopaque), important marker for midline of brain

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8
Q

massa intermedia - define

A

interthalamic adhesion

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9
Q

percentage of people with massa intermedia

A

70-80%

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10
Q

massa intermedia - function

A

no known function

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11
Q

habenula - function

A

may be a center for integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

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12
Q

stria medullaris - define

A

horizontal ridge on the medial surface of the thalamus

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13
Q

subthalamic nucleus of Luys - function

A

inhibits uncontrolled movement

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14
Q

structure immediately anterior to thalamus

A

interventricular foramen

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15
Q

structure immediately posterior to thalamus

A

posterior commissure

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16
Q

structure immediately lateral to thalamus

A

internal capsule (posterior limb)

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17
Q

structure immediately superior to thalamus

A

part of lateral ventricle floor

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18
Q

thalamus - function

A
  1. translates prethalamic inputs into a form which can be interpreted by the cortex
  2. process sensory inputs
  3. relays sensory inputs selectively to areas in the cortex
  4. regulates sleep and consciousness
  5. provides sensory feedback to motor system, basal ganglia, cerebellum
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19
Q

what subdivides the thalamus

A

internal medullary lamina

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20
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - function

A

uncertain, probably memory and emotions

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21
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - major input from:

A
  1. mammillary nuclei

2. presubiculum of hippocampus

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22
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - has connections with:

A
  1. cingulate gyrus

2. frontal cortex

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23
Q

thalamus - medial group - which nuclei are present

A

dorsomedial nuclei

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24
Q

thalamus - dorsomedial nucleus - connections with:

A

prefrontal cortex

hypothalamus

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25
Q

thalamus - dorsomedial nucleus - function

A

memory

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26
Q

thalamus - pulvinar - subdivivisons and projections

A
  1. lateral - visual cortical association areas
  2. inferior - visual cortical association areas
  3. oral - somatosensory cortical association areas
  4. medial - cingulate, posterior parietal, prefrontal cortices
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27
Q

thalamus - pulvinar - function

A

main integrator and coordinator of stimuli

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28
Q

thalamus - lateral geniculate nucleus - function

A

optic radiation, connects optic tract with primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

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29
Q

thalamus - medial geniculate nucleus - function

A

auditory thalamus, relays auditory information from inferior colliculus to primary auditory cortex in superior temporal gyrus

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30
Q

what type of sensory signal is not directly processed by the thalamus

A

olfactory

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31
Q

thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - major input from:

A
  1. substantia nigra
  2. globus pallidus
  3. cerebellum
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32
Q

thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - function

A

learning of movement

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33
Q

thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - major output to:

A

primary motor cortex

34
Q

thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - major input from:

A
  1. substantia nigra

2. globus pallidus

35
Q

thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - major output to:

A

supplementary motor cortex

36
Q

thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - function

A

planning movements - inhibition of unwanted movement, facilitation of wanted movement

37
Q

thalamus - ventral posteromedial nucleus - function

A

relay facial sensation to somatosensory cortex

38
Q

thalamus - ventral posterolateral nucleus - function

A

relay sensation from body to somatosensory cortex

39
Q

structure immediately anterior to hypothalamus

A

optic chiasm & anterior commissure

40
Q

structure immediately posterior to hypothalamus

A

mammillary bodies

41
Q

structure immediately superior to hypothalamus

A

hypothalamic sulci

42
Q

structure immediately inferior to hypothalamus

A

hypophysis

43
Q

epiphysis

A

pineal gland

44
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

45
Q

posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)

46
Q

anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis (Rathke’s pouch)

47
Q

most rostral region of hypothalamus

48
Q

most caudal region of hypothalamus

49
Q

what structure divides the hypothalamus into 3 parasagittal zones

50
Q

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is associated with what zone of the hypophysis

A

periventricular

51
Q

thalamus - 3 diffuse projection nuclei

A
  1. intralaminar nuclei
  2. midline nuclei
  3. reticular nuclei
52
Q

thalamus - intralaminar nuclei - example

A

centromedial nucleus

53
Q

thalamus - centromedial nucleus - function

A

believed to influence consciousness, alertness, arousal

54
Q

thalamus - midline nuclei - function

55
Q

thalamus - reticular nuclei - function

A

regulation of other thalamic nuclei

56
Q

what is the only thalamic nucleus that sends inhibitory input to other thalamic nuclei

A

reticular nucleus

57
Q

hypothalamus - functions

A
  1. controls BP and electrolyte balance
  2. regulates temparature
  3. regulates energy metabolism - feeding, digestion, metabolic rate
  4. regulates reproduction
  5. directs responses to stress
58
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates heat dissipation

A

anterior nucleus

59
Q

hypothalamus - lesions in anterior nucleus may cause

A

hypothermia

60
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates heat conservation

A

posterior nucleus

61
Q

hypothalamus - lesions in posterior nucleus may cause

A

hypothermia when animal is placed in a cold environment

62
Q

hypothalamus - nuclei that are sensitive to sex hormones

A
  1. preoptic nucleus

2. ventromedial nucleus

63
Q

hypothalamus - lesions in preoptic or ventromedial nuclei may cause

A

menstrual cycle disturbance or precocious puberty

64
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

65
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus that induces sleep

A

preoptic nucleus

66
Q

hypothalamus - nuclei involved in cortical arousal

A
  1. lateral nucleus

2. posterior nucleus

67
Q

hypothalamus - satiety center

A
  1. ventromedial nucleus

2. paraventricular nucleus

68
Q

hypothalamus - lesion in ventromedial or paraventricular nuclei may cause

A

hyperphagia and obseity

69
Q

hypothalamus - feeding center

A

lateral nuclei

70
Q

hypothalamus - lesion in lateral nuclei may cause

A

aphagia and starvation

71
Q

hypothalamus - 2 types of cells in paraventricular nucleus

A
  1. parvocellular

2. magnocellular

72
Q

parvocellular neurons - characteristics

A
  1. medially - secrete hypothalamic releasing hormones (TRH, GHRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH)
  2. dorsally and ventrally - project and autonomically control medulla and spinal cord
73
Q

magnocellular neurons - characteristics

A

control endocrine function by secreting vasopresin and oxytocin into the pars nervosa

74
Q

secretion of magnocellular neurons

A

vasopresin, oxytocin

75
Q

magnocellular neurons secrete their products into:

A

posterior pituitary

76
Q

mammillary bodies - define

A

small round bodies on the ventral brain surface, part of hypothalamus

77
Q

hypothalamus - anterior nucleus - sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic (heat dissipation –> vasodilation and sweating)

78
Q

hypothalamus - posterior nucleus - sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic (heat conservation –> vasoconstriction and shivering)

79
Q

hypothalamus - nuclei involved in water balance

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

80
Q

substance secreted by hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

81
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus responsible for rage responses

A

ventromedial nucleus

82
Q

hypothalamus - nucleus responsible for somnolence

A

dorsolateral mammillary region (via ARAS)

[OS 202] A (18 decks)

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