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[OS 202] A > Trans - Diencephalon > Flashcards

Trans - Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

components of diencephalon

A
  1. epithalamus
  2. thalamus
  3. subthalamus
  4. hypothalamus
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2
Q

ventricle associated with the diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

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3
Q

relationship of epithalamus with 3rd ventricle

A

epithalamus forms the roof of the 3rd ventricle

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4
Q

pineal gland - function

A

produces melatonin that modulates the sleep-wake cycle

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5
Q

pineal gland - substance produced

A

melatonin

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6
Q

pineal gland is active during periods of:

A

darkness

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7
Q

pineal gland - importance in radiology

A

gland accumulates calcium (radiopaque), important marker for midline of brain

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8
Q

massa intermedia - define

A

interthalamic adhesion

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9
Q

percentage of people with massa intermedia

A

70-80%

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10
Q

massa intermedia - function

A

no known function

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11
Q

habenula - function

A

may be a center for integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

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12
Q

stria medullaris - define

A

horizontal ridge on the medial surface of the thalamus

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13
Q

subthalamic nucleus of Luys - function

A

inhibits uncontrolled movement

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14
Q

structure immediately anterior to thalamus

A

interventricular foramen

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15
Q

structure immediately posterior to thalamus

A

posterior commissure

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16
Q

structure immediately lateral to thalamus

A

internal capsule (posterior limb)

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17
Q

structure immediately superior to thalamus

A

part of lateral ventricle floor

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18
Q

thalamus - function

A
  1. translates prethalamic inputs into a form which can be interpreted by the cortex
  2. process sensory inputs
  3. relays sensory inputs selectively to areas in the cortex
  4. regulates sleep and consciousness
  5. provides sensory feedback to motor system, basal ganglia, cerebellum
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19
Q

what subdivides the thalamus

A

internal medullary lamina

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20
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - function

A

uncertain, probably memory and emotions

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21
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - major input from:

A
  1. mammillary nuclei

2. presubiculum of hippocampus

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22
Q

thalamus - anterior nucleus - has connections with:

A
  1. cingulate gyrus

2. frontal cortex

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23
Q

thalamus - medial group - which nuclei are present

A

dorsomedial nuclei

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24
Q

thalamus - dorsomedial nucleus - connections with:

A

prefrontal cortex

hypothalamus

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25
thalamus - dorsomedial nucleus - function
memory
26
thalamus - pulvinar - subdivivisons and projections
1. lateral - visual cortical association areas 2. inferior - visual cortical association areas 3. oral - somatosensory cortical association areas 4. medial - cingulate, posterior parietal, prefrontal cortices
27
thalamus - pulvinar - function
main integrator and coordinator of stimuli
28
thalamus - lateral geniculate nucleus - function
optic radiation, connects optic tract with primary visual cortex in occipital lobe
29
thalamus - medial geniculate nucleus - function
auditory thalamus, relays auditory information from inferior colliculus to primary auditory cortex in superior temporal gyrus
30
what type of sensory signal is not directly processed by the thalamus
olfactory
31
thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - major input from:
1. substantia nigra 2. globus pallidus 3. cerebellum
32
thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - function
learning of movement
33
thalamus - ventral lateral nucleus - major output to:
primary motor cortex
34
thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - major input from:
1. substantia nigra | 2. globus pallidus
35
thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - major output to:
supplementary motor cortex
36
thalamus - ventral anterior nucleus - function
planning movements - inhibition of unwanted movement, facilitation of wanted movement
37
thalamus - ventral posteromedial nucleus - function
relay facial sensation to somatosensory cortex
38
thalamus - ventral posterolateral nucleus - function
relay sensation from body to somatosensory cortex
39
structure immediately anterior to hypothalamus
optic chiasm & anterior commissure
40
structure immediately posterior to hypothalamus
mammillary bodies
41
structure immediately superior to hypothalamus
hypothalamic sulci
42
structure immediately inferior to hypothalamus
hypophysis
43
epiphysis
pineal gland
44
hypophysis
pituitary gland
45
posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis (pars nervosa)
46
anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis (Rathke's pouch)
47
most rostral region of hypothalamus
preoptic
48
most caudal region of hypothalamus
posterior
49
what structure divides the hypothalamus into 3 parasagittal zones
fornix
50
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus is associated with what zone of the hypophysis
periventricular
51
thalamus - 3 diffuse projection nuclei
1. intralaminar nuclei 2. midline nuclei 3. reticular nuclei
52
thalamus - intralaminar nuclei - example
centromedial nucleus
53
thalamus - centromedial nucleus - function
believed to influence consciousness, alertness, arousal
54
thalamus - midline nuclei - function
unknown
55
thalamus - reticular nuclei - function
regulation of other thalamic nuclei
56
what is the only thalamic nucleus that sends inhibitory input to other thalamic nuclei
reticular nucleus
57
hypothalamus - functions
1. controls BP and electrolyte balance 2. regulates temparature 3. regulates energy metabolism - feeding, digestion, metabolic rate 4. regulates reproduction 5. directs responses to stress
58
hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates heat dissipation
anterior nucleus
59
hypothalamus - lesions in anterior nucleus may cause
hypothermia
60
hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates heat conservation
posterior nucleus
61
hypothalamus - lesions in posterior nucleus may cause
hypothermia when animal is placed in a cold environment
62
hypothalamus - nuclei that are sensitive to sex hormones
1. preoptic nucleus | 2. ventromedial nucleus
63
hypothalamus - lesions in preoptic or ventromedial nuclei may cause
menstrual cycle disturbance or precocious puberty
64
hypothalamus - nucleus that mediates circadian rhythm
suprachiasmatic nucleus
65
hypothalamus - nucleus that induces sleep
preoptic nucleus
66
hypothalamus - nuclei involved in cortical arousal
1. lateral nucleus | 2. posterior nucleus
67
hypothalamus - satiety center
1. ventromedial nucleus | 2. paraventricular nucleus
68
hypothalamus - lesion in ventromedial or paraventricular nuclei may cause
hyperphagia and obseity
69
hypothalamus - feeding center
lateral nuclei
70
hypothalamus - lesion in lateral nuclei may cause
aphagia and starvation
71
hypothalamus - 2 types of cells in paraventricular nucleus
1. parvocellular | 2. magnocellular
72
parvocellular neurons - characteristics
1. medially - secrete hypothalamic releasing hormones (TRH, GHRH, CRH, GnRH, PRH) 2. dorsally and ventrally - project and autonomically control medulla and spinal cord
73
magnocellular neurons - characteristics
control endocrine function by secreting vasopresin and oxytocin into the pars nervosa
74
secretion of magnocellular neurons
vasopresin, oxytocin
75
magnocellular neurons secrete their products into:
posterior pituitary
76
mammillary bodies - define
small round bodies on the ventral brain surface, part of hypothalamus
77
hypothalamus - anterior nucleus - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic (heat dissipation --> vasodilation and sweating)
78
hypothalamus - posterior nucleus - sympathetic or parasympathetic?
sympathetic (heat conservation --> vasoconstriction and shivering)
79
hypothalamus - nuclei involved in water balance
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
80
substance secreted by hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
ADH
81
hypothalamus - nucleus responsible for rage responses
ventromedial nucleus
82
hypothalamus - nucleus responsible for somnolence
dorsolateral mammillary region (via ARAS)

[OS 202] A (18 decks)

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