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[OS 202] A > Trans - Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Trans - Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

functions of basal ganglia

A
  1. integrates feeling and movement
  2. initiates internally generated movements
  3. shifts and smooths fine motor behavior
  4. suppresses unwanted motor behaviors
  5. enhances motivation
  6. allows feelings of pleasure / ecstasy
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2
Q

corpus striatum - components

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

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3
Q

basal ganglia not included in the corpus striatum

A

subthalamus

substantia nigra

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4
Q

lentiform nucleus - components

A

putamen

globus pallidus

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5
Q

globus pallidus - components

A

globus pallidus interna

globus pallidus externa

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6
Q

striatum - components

A

caudate nucleus

putamen

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7
Q

separates the putamen from the globus pallidus

A

lateral medullary lamina

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8
Q

separates globus pallidus interna and globus pallidus externa

A

medial medullary lamina

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9
Q

caudate nucleus - parts

A

head, body, tail

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10
Q

caudate nucleus head is continuous with

A

nucleus accumbens and putamen (forming the nucleus accumbens septi)

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11
Q

caudate nucleus tail is continuous with

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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12
Q

claustrum is connected with which cortical areas

A

all, including insular, visual, and limbic

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13
Q

claustrum - function

A

regulation of emotion and sexual arousal

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14
Q

substantia nigra - type of neurotransmitter produced

A

dopaminergic

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15
Q

substantia nigra - connected to:

A

striatum

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16
Q

subthalamus - type of neurotransmitter produced

A

glutaminergic

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17
Q

subthalamus - connected to:

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

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18
Q

substantia nigra - excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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19
Q

subthalamus - excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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20
Q

direct pathway - function

A

facilitate movement

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21
Q

direct pathway - dopamine acts on:

A

D1 receptor

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22
Q

indirect pathway - function

A

inhibits movement

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23
Q

indirect pathway - dopamine acts on:

A

D2 receptor

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24
Q

direct pathway - effect on thalamocortical excitation

A

increase

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25
Q

indirect pathway - effect on thalamocortical excitation

A

decrease

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26
Q

main sites of input reception in both pathways

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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27
Q

relationship of both pathways to spinal cord

A

no direct input or output

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28
Q

dopamine in basal ganglia pathway - excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

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29
Q

glutamate - excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

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30
Q

GABA - excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

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31
Q

caudate nucleus and putamen - neurotransmitter used

A

GABA

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32
Q

subthalamic nucleus - neurotransmitter used

A

glutamate

33
Q

separates caudate from lenticular nucleus in coronal cut

A

internal capsule

34
Q

separates putamen and claustrum

A

external capsule

35
Q

layer immediately lateral to claustrum

A

extreme capsule

36
Q

layer immediately lateral to extreme capsule

A

insular cortex

37
Q

covers the insular cortex

A

operculum

38
Q

corticostriate fibers - afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

39
Q

corticostriate fibers - connect what structures

A

cortex and striatum

40
Q

corticostriate fibers - neurotransmitter used

A

glutamate

41
Q

[T/F] corticostriate fibers receive inputs from the contralateral cortical areas

A

F

42
Q

corticostriate fibers receive the most input from what part of the cortex

A

sensorimotor cortex

43
Q

nigrostriate fibers - afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

44
Q

nigrostriate fibers - neurotransmitter used

A

dopamine

45
Q

nigrostriate fibers - connect what structures

A

substantia nigra and striatum

46
Q

why does the substantia nigra appear darker

A

due to melanin and other byproducts of dopamine secretion

47
Q

striatopalladial fibers - afferent or efferent?

A

afferent

48
Q

striatopalladial fibers - connect what structures

A

striatum and globus pallidus

49
Q

striatopalladial fibers - neurotransmitter used

A

GABA

50
Q

pallidofugal fibers - afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

51
Q

ansa lenticularis - connects what structures

A

globus pallidus and thalamic nuclei

52
Q

fasciculus lenticularis - connects what structures

A

globus pallidus and subthalamus

53
Q

pallidotegmental fibers - connects what structures

A

globus pallidus and caudal tegmentum of midbrain

54
Q

pallidosubthalamic fibers - connects what structures

A

globus pallidus and subthalamic nuclei

55
Q

pallidofugal fibers - neurotransmitter used

A

GABA

56
Q

Forel’s field H2

A

thalamic fasciculus (ansa lenticularis and fasciculus lenticularis)

57
Q

Forel’s field H1

A

fasciculus lenticularis

58
Q

quick lightning fast movements of face and upper extremities

A

tic

59
Q

oscillatory, rhythmic regular movement affecting one or more body parts

A

tremor

60
Q

involuntary irregular purposeless nonrhythmic abrupt rapid unsustained movements that seem to flow from one body part to another

A

chorea

61
Q

slow writhing continuous involuntary movement

A

athetosis

62
Q

very large amplitude choreic movements of the proximal parts of limbs causing flinging and flailing

A

ballismus

63
Q

twisting movements that tend to be sustained at the peak of the movement, frequently repetitive and may progress to prolonged abnormal postures

A

dystonia

64
Q

sudden brief shock-like involuntary movements

A

myoclonus

65
Q

development of fixed postures and retention of limbs for an indefinite period of time in certain positions

A

catatonia

66
Q

clinical features of Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. tremors at rest
  2. rigidity
  3. akinesia / bradykinesia
  4. postural instability
67
Q

main site of output for basal ganglia pathways

A

globus pallidus

68
Q

main site of input for basal ganglia pathways

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

69
Q

pyramidal system - pathway

A
  1. motor neurons from primary motor cortex bundle together in internal capsule
  2. motor neuron bundles continue to the cerebral peduncles, pons, and medulla
  3. decussation at medullary pyramid
  4. proceed down into the spinal cord
70
Q

pyramidal system - the motor neurons that decussed at the the medullary pyramid go down the spinal cord to form the:

A

lateral corticospinal tract

71
Q

pyramidal system - the motor neurons that did not decuss at the medullary pyramid go down the spinal cord to form the:

A

anterior corticospinal tract

72
Q

extrapyramidal system - function

A

dampens erratic motions, maintains muscle tone and truncal stability

73
Q

pyramidal system - function

A

fine, isolated, precise, specific, voluntary movments

74
Q

extrapyramidal system - examples of tracts

A
  1. rubrospinal tract - red nucleus to spinal cord
  2. medullary reticulospinal tract - medulla reticular formation to spinal cord
  3. pontine reticulospinal tract - pontine reticular formation to spinal cord
  4. vestibulospinal tract - vestibular nuclei of medulla to spinal
  5. tectospinal tract - from deep superior colliculus to spinal cord
75
Q

nucleus accumbens - function

A

emotion and sexual arousal

76
Q

structure immediately lateral to insular cortex in coronal cuts

A

Sylvian fissure

77
Q

finer muscles have (smaller or larger) cortical representation

A

larger

78
Q

which finger has the most cortical representation

A

thumb

79
Q

where does the thalamic fasciculus terminate

A

nucleus ventralis anterior of thalamus

[OS 202] A (18 decks)

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