trachea and oesophagus

Question 1

what is in the root of the neck

Answer 1

subclavian vessels, common carotid, trunks of the brachial plexus (sympathetic trunk, phrenic, vagus, recurrent laryngeal nerves), right thoracic duct , right lymphatic duct, oesophagus and trachea.

Question 2

what is connected to the trachea superiorly and inferiorly

Answer 2

the larynx superiorly and the main bronchi inferiorly

Question 3

where does the trachea begin

Answer 3

border of cricoid cartilage / C6

Question 4

what is the trachea lined by

Answer 4

ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 5

what is the carina

Answer 5

ridge of cartilage at bottom of trachea, where it splits into right and left bronchi

Question 6

where is the carina

Answer 6

T5
T4 on expiration
T6 on inspiration

Question 7

how many rings of hyaline cartilage are there

Answer 7

18-22

Question 8

what branch of the subclavian artery also gives pharyngeal, tracheal and esophageal branches

Answer 8

thyrocervical trunk

Question 9

what supplies the cervical trachea

Answer 9

the tracheoesophageal branch of the inferior thyroid artery which is a brach of the thyrocervical trunk

Question 10

what is the venous drainage of the trachea

Answer 10

inferior thyroid venous plexus

Question 11

what is the thoracic trachea supplied by

Answer 11

Superior, middle and inferior bronchial arteries arising from the aorta

Question 12

what is the oesophagus supplied by

Answer 12

Superior, middle and inferior bronchial arteries arising from the aorta

Question 13

where does a tracheotomy take place

Answer 13

between cricoid cartilage and suprasternal notch
2nd, 3rd and 4 th tracheal rings

Question 14

where does the oesophagus begin

Answer 14

level of cricoid cartilage

Question 15

what are the attachments of the oesophagus

Answer 15

Lamina of cricoid cartilage in the cervical region by the cricopharyngeal tendon
Attached to the trachea, pleura and prevertebral fascia by fibrous tissue
Attached to the diaphragm by phrenoesophageal ligament

Question 16

where is the cervical division of the oesophagus

Answer 16

cricopharyngeus C6 to suprasternal notch

Question 17

where is the thoracic division of the oesophagus

Answer 17

suprasternal notch to diaphragm

Question 18

where is the abdominal division of the oesophagus

Answer 18

diaphragm to stomach

Question 19

what condition results from damage to the oesophagus

Answer 19

GERD causes inflammation, damage and narrowing leading to oesophageal stricture

Question 20

what is the function of oesophageal sphincters

Answer 20

prevent backflow of food, control rate of food passage, vomiting, and gag reflex

Question 21

wht is the cervical oesophagus supplied by

Answer 21

inferior thyroid artery

Question 22

what is the thoracic oesophagus suplied by

Answer 22

the aortic esophageal arteries which are at the terminal branches of the bronchial arteries.

Question 23

what is the abdominal oesophagus supplied by

Answer 23

left gastric artery and a left phrenic artery branch.

Question 24

what provides drainage for the distal and proximal segmnets of the oesophagus

Answer 24

azygous vein/system

Question 25

what provides drainage for the midsection of the oesophagus

Answer 25

auxiliaries of the left gastric vein which branches from the portal vein.

Question 26

what does the vagus nerve innervate in the oesophagus

Answer 26

The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the parasympathetic motor functions of the oesophageal muscles i.e. peristalsis.

Question 27

what does the thoracic and cervical chain nerves innervate in the oesophagus

Answer 27

constitute the sympathetic innervation and serve to assist in the constriction of blood vessels, contractions of the sphincters, muscle wall relaxation, along with gland and peristaltic activity increases.

Question 28

what forms the only complete cartilaginous ring in the larynx

Answer 28

cricoid

Question 29

WHERE IS THE OPTIMUM SITE FOR PERFORMING AN EMERGENCY AIRWAY AS A BYSTANDER?

Answer 29

Cricothyroid membrane