Toxicity - NAVLE

Question 1

Moldy Corn

Answer 1

fusarium - (and fumonisin) LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA, blindness, head pressing, delerium, sweating, incordination
(liquifactive necrosis)
vs. Pigs - hypertension and pulmonary edema(PPE)

Question 2

Bracken Fern

Answer 2

thiaminase plant
Horse/Pigs- loss of body condition, uncoordinated, twitching, tremors, seizures

Cattle - enzootic hematuria (cystitis, neoplasia); bone marrow suppression (dec. plat, granulocytes -> coag, immune dysfunction

Question 3

yellow star thistle

Answer 3

“Chewing disease”
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
dysphagia

Question 4

Monensin (ionophore)

Answer 4

in cattle feed (growth promoter)

• Horses more susceptible! weakness, ataxia, tremors, tachycardia
• RHABDOMYOLYSIS, cardiomyopathy (epicardial hemorrhages ) (high CK)

vs. Cattle at high doses: ascites, hydrothorax, pulmonary edema

Question 5

Slaframine

Answer 5

hypersalivation

Question 6

Sorghum, kochia

Answer 6

pelvic incoordination, urine dribbling, myelomalacia in lower spine

Question 7

Sweet Pea

Answer 7

stringhalt, sudden flexion of hindlimbs when backed up.

Question 8

Organophosphate

Answer 8

Achase Inhibitor

• SLUD (over stimulate muscarinic receptors; diarrhea, bradycardia)
  tx. atropine, 2Pam(pralidoxime)

Question 9

Fescue

Answer 9

fungus - neotyphodium
ergot-like mold - dopamine agonist,
Lameness and hyperthermia in cattle and horses
prolonged gestation, placental thickening, agalactia

Question 10

black walnut

Answer 10

laminitis and colic

reluctant to move, shifting

Question 11

blister beetles

- whats the toxin?

Answer 11

cantharidin,
COLIC, PU, tachy, sweating, lethargy
PROFUSE DIARRHEA, STRANGURIA, pollakiuria

Question 12

Red Maple

Answer 12

hemolytic anemia

Question 13

Castor Bean

Answer 13

GI hemorrhage, hemmorhhagic diarrhea, hemolysis

Question 14

Moldy sweet clover

Answer 14

inhibit vitamin k, anti-coag

Question 15

oak leaves/acorns (Quercus)

Answer 15

1. GI (abdominal pain and diarrhea)

2. tubular nephrosis/nephritis (proteinuria, casts, low USG, azotemia) cattle

Question 16

eastern tent caterpillars

Answer 16

Mare reproductive loss syndrome

Question 17

senecio/groundsel

Answer 17

liver ds

Question 18

St Johns wart

Answer 18

primary photosensitizer -> photophobia, conjuncivitis, sloughed skin, icterus

Question 19

blue green algae

Answer 19

sudden death
(within minutes of drinking water)
(1.5 L can kill a cow)

Question 20

slaframine

Answer 20

hypersalivation

Question 21

PA toxicity

Answer 21

liver ds. megalocytosis, fibrosis, bile duct hyperplasia

Question 22

3-methyl indole

Answer 22

fog fever
lush pasture
pulmonary emphysema and edema

Question 23

Moldy Sweet potato

Answer 23

4 ipomeanol
farmers lung
wet firm, dark red lobules

Question 24

gossypol

Answer 24

cotton seed
sudden death
cardio toxin, sterility in bulls , dec. conception

Question 25

tansy ragwort | also arnsinckia intermedia, senecio/groundsel

Answer 25

PA liver ds megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis

Question 26

sudan grass

Answer 26

nitrate poisoning | tx newmethylene blue

Question 27

photosensitizers

Answer 27

1- st johns wart secondary - Brassica, blue-green algae, groundsel(senecio), Amsinckia intermedia 1-skin lesion, better prognosis 2- impaired hepatic function reduces excretion; also skin lesions

Question 28

plant with cyanide | treatment?

Answer 28

prunus plant | tx: sodium nitrate or sodium thiosulfate IV

Question 29

Lupine (lupinous species)

Answer 29

Congenital(if dams eat between 40-70d of pregnancy): crooked calf disease adults: aimlessly wandering, dyspneic, collapse, seizure, and death.

Question 30

Oleander (Nerium)

Answer 30

cardiac glycoside, arrythmia, colic | sudden death

Question 31

locoweed (Oxytropis species) | aka astragalus

Answer 31

depressed, lethargic, CHF, abortion *worsens brisket disease, also worsen at high elevations (high mountain disease)

Question 32

Goitrogenic plants

Answer 32

soybens, kale, turnips, cabbage, rape

Question 33

Aflatoxin

Answer 33

toxic straings of Aspergillis on peanuts, soybeans, corn | - widespread hemorrhage, icterus, acute death. subacute more common - anorexia, weight loss, unthriftiness

Question 34

Trichothecenes

Answer 34

another fusarium spp. | immunosuppression, irritation of skin, MM, GE

Question 35

perilla mint

Answer 35

cattle - heavy wet lungs. damage to type 1 pneumocytes. CS: dyspnic, open mouth breathing

Question 36

Ergotism

Answer 36

alkaloids in Claviceps purpurea(fungus) in small grains (rye, wheat,bluegrass)

Question 37

Perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne)

Answer 37

sheep, cattle, llamas (signs reverse if hay removed) ryegrass staggers tremorgenic neutoxin produced by endophyte fungus neotyphodium lolii

Question 38

skunk cabbage

Answer 38

sheep, cattle | steroidal alkaloids cause vomiting, bradycard, dyspnea, paralysis, coma

Question 39

pig weed (amaranthus)

Answer 39

renal

Question 40

ponderosa pine | pinus ponderosa

Answer 40

late term abortion in CATTLE horses, sheep, goats NOT AFFECTED - needles and bark contain isocupressic acid -> vasoconstriction, dec. blood flow to uterus and other tissues. ischemic necrosis of CL results in lack of P4 and abortion 2-21 days after ingestion of 5-6 lbs of pine needles per day for 3 days. - before abortion there is edema of vulva and udder, bloody mucoid vaginal discharge

Question 41

Veratrum (false hellebore, skunk cabbage)

Answer 41

congenital defects in lambs (cyclops) - steroidal alkaloid * goats/sheep readily eat; cattle only if forage is scarce - rarely ingest enought to get clinical signs - bradycardia, hypotension, labored breathing, hypersalivation, vomiting, convulsions in 2-3 hrs