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Toxicities Flashcards

1
Q

Acetaminophen toxicity in cats

A

Results in Heinz body anemia, cats can die from oxidative damage and methemoglobin within 1-2 days of ingestion. Immediate gastrointestinal decontamination is needed if ingestion was within 2-3 hours. Treat with N-acetylcysteine, SAMe, vitamin C, and aggressive fluid therapy

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2
Q

Alfalfa

A

Nitrate Accumulating Plant

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3
Q

Aflatoxin

A

produced by certain fungi that are found on agricultural crops such as maize (corn), peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts

Turkeys are extremely susceptible to aflatoxicosis. Recent studies have revealed that this is due to the efficient cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism of aflatoxin B1 in the liver of turkeys and deficient glutathione-S-transferase mediated detoxification

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4
Q

Amsinckia intermedia

A

Fiddleneck, Fireweed, tarweed: Secondary photosensitization due to liver failure - contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Cause megalocytosis, biliary duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis. As a result of liver damage, the liver will be unable to clear normal chlorophyll breakdown products such as phylloerythrin, which causes photosensitization secondary to liver failure.

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5
Q

Anaranthus (pig weed)

A

nitrate

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6
Q

Astragalus

A

“loco weed”

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7
Q

Avacado

A

toxic to parrots

A toxin, know as persin, is a phytochemical found in the Guatemalan type of avocado which causes myocardial necrosis in the budgerigar, parrot and possibly other pet bird species.

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8
Q

Azalea - Rhododendron

A

Cardiotoxic plant Contains andromedotoxins, which bind membrane sodium channels, leading to excitation and movement of calcium intracellularly for an effect similar to digitalis

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9
Q

Black Walnut - Juglans nigra - Toxicity - Equine

A
  • horses bedded on black walnut shaving can cause laminitis within 24 hours of exposure - signs: reluctance to move, increased digital pulses and shifting-weight lameness - exact toxin yet to be identified - treatment: remove source and decontaminate GI tract with mineral oil or activated charcoal, wash legs and feet, and treat for laminitis
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10
Q

Blister Beetle Toxicity - Equine

A
  • exposed to dead blster beetles entrapped in alfalfa hay during harvesting - contain cantharidin - highly irritant substance - causes severe irritation to tissues it contacts (GIT and kidney) - signs: variable, lethargy, anorexia, polyuria, colic, tachycardia, diarrhoea, sweating - diagnosis: clinical signs plus beetles in hay, cantharidin in urine and stomach contents - treatment: supportive care
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11
Q

blue-green algae - Microcystis sp

A

Secondary photosensitization due to liver failure

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12
Q

Bracken fern - Pteridium aquilinum

A

Neurotoxic glycoside plant Poisons cattle, sheep, pigs and horses Contains thiaminase which cleaves vitamin B1, and also contains up to 1% ptaquiloside which alkylates DNA leading to carcinogenicity and bone marrow suppression (only in ruminants) Thiamine deficiency leads to polioencephalomalacia Clinical signs in all large animals - incoordination, standing with legs apart - depression - muscle tremors, ataxia - blindness, retinal degeneration Clinical signs of ptaquiloside in ruminants - bone marrow destruction, hemorrhage - anemia, elevated pyruvic acid - tumors in bladder and other organs Treatment: injectable thiamine, no Rx for ptaquiloside

Clinical sign in horse: opisthotonos

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13
Q

Brodifacoum

A

highly lethal 4-hydroxycoumarin vitamin K antagonist rodenticide - in dogs supplement Vit K for 6 weeks post ingestion

Cat recently ingested: gastric lavage, activated charcoal, vitamin K for 30 days. Clinical signs occur 3-5 days after ingestions and hemorrhaging results. PT should be checked 48 hours after the last dose of Vitamin K.

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14
Q

Cantharidin (blister beetle)

A

Results in endotoxic shock and renal failure. Horses affected may be found dead, colicing, or in cardiovascular shock. Vesicles may form in the mouth and tongue, and if the animal lives long enough, you can expect to see watery feces. Renal tubular damage will be profound, and you will probably observe cardiac arrhythmias.

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15
Q

Cardiotoxic Plants

A

Oleander, Foxglove, Lily-of-the-Valley, Yew, Azalea - signs: salivation, nausea, vomiting (risk of aspiration), hematochezia, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, A/V block, collapse, and acute death - treatment: in small animals - emesis, activated charcoal, supportive care (IV fluids, supplemental oxygen), atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol/procainamide/quinidine for A/V block

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16
Q

Castor bean - Ricinus communis

A

Contains ricin - a highly toxic glycoprotein Clinical signs (may have lag period before onset): - anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea - weakness, thirst - muscle spasm, uremia, death - sweating, ataxia (horses) - extensive organ edema and damage

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17
Q

Chocolate toxicity

A

Methylxanthines (specifically theobromine and caffeine) can cause CNS excitation, tachycardia, and vasoconstriction. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, hyperactivity, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and death.

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18
Q

Chokecherry - Prunus sp.

A

Cyanide/Cyanogen Containing Plant

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19
Q

Cholecalciferol-based rodenticide

A

Cholecalciferol gets converted to activated vitamin D to cause increased bone resorption of calcium and gut absorption of calcium leading to a sometimes fatal hypercalcemia (-> organ mineralization). Nutirional secondary hyperparathyroidism results when an anima’s diet contains too much phophorus resulting in cedreased serum calcium.

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20
Q

Copper Toxicity

A

Sheep highly susceptible, goats and cattle less susceptible.

Causes acute hemolytic crisis, most common signs are acute death, icterus, depression, hemoglobinuria, increased respiratory rate, and weakness.

Pathology often shows dark, hemoglobin-filled kidneys (“gun metal blue”)

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21
Q

Cottonseed - Gossypium sp.

A

May contain gossypol which is cardiotoxic, particularly to very young animals (cattle, sheep and pigs) Clinical signs: - sudden death due to heart failure may occur - anorexia, red urine, thin pot-bellied appearance - poor performance in adult animals

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22
Q

Crotalaria sp

A

Secondary photosensitization due to liver failure Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

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23
Q

Cyanide/Cyanogen Containing Plants

A

Chokecherry, Vetch, Hydrangea, Johnson grass - hydrogen cyanide absorbed from GIT and inhibits mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. oxyhemoglobin cannot release oxygen for electron transport in cytochrome system leading to cellular hypoxia - signs: excitement, muscle tremors, dyspnea, salivation, urination, defecation, sudden death, bright red blood and mucous membranes - treatment: methylene blue, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate

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24
Q

Cynodon

A

One of the causes of grass staggers

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25
Q

Dumbeane - Dieffenbachia

A

Clinical signs: - ataxia, hypermetria - clicking of the dewclaws (“cracker heels”), conscious proprioceptive deficits - emaciation - emphysema (sheep) - abortions, teratogenesis (contracted tendon)

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26
Q

Erodium

A

Geranium - Pelargonium species and are toxic to both cats and dogs. Geraniums contain geraniol and linalool, which are both poisonoussubstances. Animals that have consumed geraniumstypically exhibit symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, dermatitis and loss of appetite

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27
Q

Ethylene glycol

A

4-methylpyrazole antidote

Causes hypocalcemia due to chelation of calcium by metabolites of ethylene glycol such as oxalate.

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28
Q

Fescue Toxicosis - Equine

A
  • not a problem on its own, but most infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum - fungus produces numerous toxins including ergopeptine alkaloids which act as dopamine agonist (blocks prolactin release) - clinical signs: prolonged gestation, placental thickening and agalactia - diagnosis empiric - treatment: remove infected grass/hay, administer dopamine antagonist (Donoeridone)
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29
Q

Fleet enemas

A

high in phosphorus and lead to a decrease in serum calcium due to the law of mass action. Hypocalcemia can cause weakness, lead to shock, and cause muscle tremors or seizures. Treatment is to correct the electrolyte disturbance and correct the dehydration. IV fluid therapy and calcium gluconate are the initial treatments, and many times phosphorus binders are helpful to more quickly decrease the serum phophorus.

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30
Q

Foxglove - Digitalis purpurea

A

Cardiotoxic plant Contains cardiac glycosides, which increase contractility and decrease heart rate via vagal stimulation, prolonging diastole

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31
Q

Gossypol toxicity

A

Found in cotton seed in varying amounts. Cardiotoxic and can kill calves less than 4 months of age. In adults, if fed at high levels, it usually causes sterility in bulls and decreased conception in cows.

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32
Q

Groundsel - Senecio sp

A

Secondary photosensitization due to liver failure Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

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33
Q

Heliotropium sp.

A

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

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34
Q

Hydrangea

A

Cyanide/Cyanogen Containing Plant

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35
Q

Ionophore Toxicity - Equine

A

Lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin - antibiotics with ability to bind and transport ions across biological membranes - used as growth promotants and coccidiostats in ruminants but are toxic to horses - cytotoxicity due to disruption of mitochondria -> loss of aerobic energy production (muscle and neurologic tissue) Signs: - acute: weakness, ataxia, anorexia, tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnea, recumbancy, death - chronic: damage to heart, poor performance, exercise intolerance, arrythmia

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36
Q

Jimsonweed - Datura stramonium - Devil’s snare

A

Dangerous levels of tropane alkaloids, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine Deliriant and anticholinergic Produces delirium, hyperthermia, tachycardia, bizarre behavior, and severe mydriasis which results in painful photophobia that can last for several days.

Treatment for horse post ingestion: Physostigmine (a parasympathomimetic), activated charcoal, laxatives, diazepam to control convulsions

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37
Q

Johnson Grass (Sorghum)

A

Cyanide/Cyanogen Containing Plant Nitrate Accumulating Plant

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38
Q

Larkspur - Delphinium

A

Neurotoxic Plant Contains polycyclic diterpene alkaloids - neuromuscular blocker, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist Cattle are most susceptible Clinical signs: - bloat - excitability - muscletremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures - arrhythmias - death from respiratory paraylsis Treatment: - physostigmine may reverse neuromuscular blockade - relieve bloat if present - decontaminate and supportive care

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39
Q

Lead poisoning

A

treated with Ca-EDTA to chelate and excrete lead, Succimer can also be given orally. D-penicillamine has also been used to chelate lead, copper, iron and mercury.

Clinical signs are primarily gastrointestinal and neurologic. Lead blood levels can be measured but do not necessarily correlate with severity of clinical signs. Toxic blood levels are greater than 0.4 ppm. Blood work can show an elevated number of nucleated RBCs without anemia. Basophilic stippling is a classic finding with lead toxicity but not specific.

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40
Q

Leukoencephalomalacia - Equine

A

Moldy corn toxicity - ingesting moldy corn with mycotoxin fumosisin (metabolite) can develop neurologic deficits and (less common) liver damage - sings: incoordination, anorexia and lethargy to blindness, head pressing, hyperexcitability, profuse sweating and delirium - toxin causes liquefactive necrosis and degeneration of cerebral hemispheres and other portions of the brain - diagnosis based on history, clinical sings and postmortem - treatment is supportive care

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41
Q

Lidocaine toxicity

A

muscle tremors & seizures

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42
Q

Lily-of-the-Valley - Convallaria majalis

A

Cardiotoxic plant Contains >20 cardia glycosides, has a digitalis-like action

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43
Q

Locoweed

A

Of the genera Astragalus, Oxytropis, and Swainsona, and many species contain a chemical which inhibits alpha-mannosidases and causes widespread neurovisceral cytoplasmic vacuolation and emaciation, as well as abortion and nervous system abnormalities. They tend to grow in the arid west, and are often eaten when other forage becomes scarce. Horse can also be affected

44
Q

Lolium

A

One of the causes of grass staggers

45
Q

Lupine - Lupinus so

A

Neurotoxic Plants Most commonly affects sheep Contains lupinine, a quinolizidine alkaloid - induces nicotinic effects Clinical signs: - salivation, incoordination, head-pressing, aimless wandering, excitement, muscle tremors, seizures, dyspnea A teratogen in cattle but not sheep - in calves exposed in utero day 40-70 gestation - causes “crooked calf syndrome” - toricollis, scoliosis, carpal flexufe No soecific treatment

46
Q

Moldy sweet clover

A

Inhibits vitamin K (important for production of factors II, VII, IX and X) and causes coagulopathy / hemorrhage.

Occurs in horses, cattle and others

47
Q

Moldy Sweet Potatoe

A

4-ipomeanol

48
Q

Neurotoxic Plants

A

Lupine, Poison hemlock, Larkspur, Nightshade, Bracken fern

49
Q

Nightshade - Solanum sp

A

Neurotoxic Plant In addition to potentially accumulating nitrates, Solanum sp can contain varying amounts of 2 toxins, a GI irritant (glycoalkaloids) and neurotoxin (agkycone) Clinical signs: - anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea - apathy, paresis/paralysis, protration, unconsciousness

50
Q

Nightshades - Solanum

A

Nitrate Accumulating Plant

51
Q

Nitrate Accumulating Plants

A

Pigweed, Nightshade, Oat hay, Sorghum, Rye, Alfalfa - primarily ruminants (esp. cattle) due to reduction to nitrite by microbes in the rumen - nitirite causes methemogloinemia -> dark brown blood (“chocolate coloured”) which has diminished oxygen carrying capacity - signs: “muddy” mucous membranes, dyspnea, tremors, convulsions, ataxia, tachycardia - treatment: 1% methylene blue, reduces methemoglobin

52
Q

Oat Hay

A

Nitrate Accumulating Plant

53
Q

Oleander - Nerium oleander

A

Cardiotoxic plant Contains cardiac glycosides - oleandrin and neriine

54
Q

Organophosphate Toxicity

A
  • used as insecticides, inhibit acetylcholinesterase -> accumulation of acetylcholine at postsynaptic receptor -> excessive synaptic neurotransmitter activity - in horses clinical signs result from overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (‘SLUD’ salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, can also see diarrhea, colic, bradycardia, and miosis), carbamates cause similar signs - treat with atropine (same for sheep) - antidote: pralidoxime chloride
  • treatment in sheep: Atropine
  • causes severe vertebral and long bone abnormalities as well as generalized stunting of embryonic development
55
Q

Oxytropis

A

“loco weed”

56
Q

Paspalum

A

One of the causes of grass staggers

57
Q

Perilla Mint

A

pneumotoxin Contains perilla ketone which causes pulmonary edema and pleural effusion Clinical signs: - respiratory distress (on exhalation) due to atypical interstitial edema and emphysema - nasal discharge Treatment: usually ineffective once severe pulmonary edema or emphysema is present

58
Q

Permethrin toxicity

A

common cause of poisoning in cats. May result from inappropriate application of spot-on formulations intended for use in dogs, from cats who are in close contact with dogs after application, or from cats who come into contact with the applicator after use. Permethrin is excreted following oxidation and glucuronidation. Cats have a reduced capacity for glucuronidation, which may be attributed tot he accumulation of metabolites and a less efficient detoxification process. Permethrin passes through the blood-brain barrier and can cause CNS signs, including seizures. Dermal decontamination should be instituted immediately with dishwashing detergent.

59
Q

Phalaris Spp Grass (Canary Grass)

A

grass staggers - accumulate toxic alkaloids, can also cause acute death. Most sheep affected by Canary grass staggers will slowly recover if removed from the offending pastures

60
Q

Pigweed - Amaranthus

A

Nitrate Accumulating Plant

61
Q

Plants Causing Photosensitization

A

Primary: St. John’s wort Secondary: any plant causing liver failure (Rape, Blue-green algae, Groundsel, Crotalaria and Amsinckia intermedia - increased susceptibility to ultraviolet light damage - damage generally is most prominent on the least protected areas of the body such as: - white skin areas of the dorsum and lateral body wall - thin and non-pigmented areas (sclera, udder, muzzle) - most common in regions and seasons of more intense sunlight Two types: - primary - when ingested or absorbed agent is or is metabolized to become photodynamic (becomes a high energy molecule when exposed to ultraviolet light, causing membrane and free radical damage) - effects usually restricted to skin - better prognosis - secondary - when impaired hepatic function reduces excretion of plant pigments (such as phylloerythrin, a chlorophyll breakdown product) - damage to liver along with skin lesions Clinical signs: - erythema, edema, peeling (sunburn) - pruritus - hyperesthesia - may progress to exudation, ulceration

62
Q

Poison Hemlock - Conium masculatum

A

Neurotoxic Plant Contains coniine and pyridine-type alkaloids Clinical signs (develop very rapidly) - salivation - vomiting and diarrhea - muscle tremors, weakness, convulsions - death from respiratory failure No specific treatment

63
Q

Ponderosa Pine - Pinus ponderosa

A

Causes abortion in last trimester (“pine needle abortion”) characterized by weak contractions, excessive discharge, a small calf and retained fetal membranes

64
Q

Pyrethrins toxicity in cat

A

treat with methocarbanol

65
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

A

Chronic progressive consumption of plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Senecio sp., Crotalaria sp., and Heliotropium sp. Toxin absorbed by GI and transported to liver where it is metabolized by hepatocytes to pyrroles Pyrroles cross-link DNA causing an anti-mitotic effect Hepatocytes cannot divide and from megalocytes (large cells) as cytoplasm expands without nuclear division Cells subsequently die and are replaced by connective and fibrous tissue Clinical signs: non-specific signs of liver disease includeing weight loss, icterus, and photosensitization Diagnosis: history of consumption of PA-containing plants. Definitive diagnosis of observation of fibrosis, megalocytosis and bile duct proliferation(hyperplasia) on microscopy Treatment: remove PA-containing plants and provide supportive care Prognosis: dependent on degree of hepatic change

66
Q

Rape - Brassica sp

A

Secondary photosensitization due to liver failure

67
Q

Red Maple Leaf - Acer rubrum - Toxicity - Equine

A

Heinz body anemia

  • ingestion of wilted leaves causes an acute hemolytic anemia - fresh leaf material is not toxic - toxic principle unknown but produces oxidative damage to erythocyte membranes - signs: lethargy, anorexia, dysnea, pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, dark-colored urine, icterus and colic, pigment nephropathy can cause acute renal failure - treatment: supportive care, blood transfusion and vitamin C - prognosis: guarded to poor
68
Q

Rye

A

Nitrate Accumulating Plant

69
Q

Scopolamine

A

Atropine-like alkaloid and causes depression and is parasympathetic to the autonomic nervous system. It can cause convulsions, respiratory failure, incoordination, mydriasis, and constipation. Treatment consists of activated charcoal, laxatives, diazepam to control convulsions and physostigmine (a parasympathomimetic)

70
Q

Skunk Cabbage

A

Sheep: craniofacial deformities is consumed on 14th day of gestation

71
Q

St. John’s wort - Hypericum perforatum

A

Contains hypericin, causes primary photosensitization and hepatotoxicity

72
Q

Strychnine toxicity

A

in snail bait treat with methocarbamol

Strychnine competitively antagonizes the action of glycine and causes a loss of impulse control in the spinal cord and brainstem. Clinical signs can begin suddenly and progress from anxiety to tetanic convulsions spontaneously or response to stimuli. Affects all striated muscles.

73
Q

Sudan Grass

A

Nitrate poisoning, treat with Methylene blue

74
Q

Sweet pea

A

in horses

75
Q

Tansy ragwort

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloid and causes liver disease

76
Q

Veratrum californicum

A

It is a source of jervine and cyclopamine, teratogens which can cause prolonged gestation associated with birth defects[5] such as holoprosencephaly and cyclopia in animals such as sheep, horses, and other mammals that graze upon it. These substances inhibit the hedgehog signaling pathway

California corn lily, white or California false hellebore) is a poisonous plant native to mountain meadows at 3500 to 11,000 ft elevation in southwestern North America, the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains, and as far north as Washington State and as far south as Durango

77
Q

Vetch

A

Cyanide/Cyanogen Containing Plant

78
Q

Waterhemlock - Cicuta

A

One of the most toxic plants known Contains cicutoxin which is highly toxic to cattle and horses Clinical signs: - acute violent tetanic seizures (resembles strychnine poisoning) - rapid progression from salivation to muscle twitching, seizures, coma, and death

79
Q

Western False Hellebore - Veratrum californium

A

Contains several teratogenic compounds including cyclopamine Mainly affects sheep and many affected lambs are stillborn Teratogenic effects depend on stage of gestation when eaten - day 14 - classic cyclopean deformity (“monkey faced lambs”) - day 17-18 - hind limb motor nerve patalysis - day 12-30 - craniofacial deformities (cleft palate, harelip, brachygnathia) - day 30-36 - shortened legs from metacarpal and metatarsal bone hyooplasia

80
Q

White Snakeroot - Eupatorium ragosum

A

Affects horses and cattle Contains the ketone, trematone, which is passed to young in milk Clinical signs: - weakness, depression - horses develop myocardial necrosis and congestive heart failure (ventral edema, jugular pulse, tachycardia) - cattle develop ataxia, depression, and muscle tremors and may have “acetone breath”

81
Q

Yellow Star Thistle - Centaurea solstitialis

A

Affects horses Causes nigropallidal encephalomalacia (“Chewing Disease”) Toxin is unknown Clinical signs - usually occur over time and are generally irreversible - inability to eat or drink because of dystonia to muscles in lips and tongue - continuous chewing motions with an empty mouth, or jam food into mouth in desperstion - behaviorial changes - chewing and dropping food - may appear similar to early symptoms of rabies

82
Q

Yew - Taxus sp. including cuspidata

A

Cardiotoxic plant Contains taxine alkaloids A and B, which inhibit cardiac depolarization

83
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

Heinz body anemia and hemolysis

84
Q

Vitamin D

A

Excessive intake of vitamin D is associated with an increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. At high levels, 25-hyfroxyvitamin D3 competes with 1,25-duhydroxyvitamin D3 for its receptors on the intestines and bone causing increased absorption of Ca and P from the intestinal tract and resorption of bone causing increased levels of circulating Ca and P. A common source of confusion in that this is in contrast to PTH which causes high Ca but generally caused unchanged or normal phosphorus because it also enhances renal phosphorus excretion.

85
Q

How is lead poisoning treated?

A

Ca-EDTA

86
Q

A horse with progressive weight loss and elevations in SDH, lactate, ALP and decrease in albumin may be eating a ____ containing plant on the pasture.

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloid (such as crotalaria)

87
Q

Cyanide causes ____ color blood, nitrate causes ____ color blood, Brasicca causes ___ toxicity and ____

A

Cyanide - bright red (hemoglobin can’t release oxygen)
Nitrate - brown blood
Brassica - pulmonary toxicity, cyanosis

88
Q

How is cyanide poisoning treated?

A

Sodium nitrate and sodium thiosulfate. Sodium nitrate creates methemoglobin which has a higher affinity for cyanide than cytochrome oxidase, stripping cyanide from the enzyme. Then sodium thiosulfate reacts with the cyanide to form thiocyanate which can be excrete by urine.

89
Q

What is the mechanism of cyanide toxicity?

A

Cyanide binds to mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, preventing the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin leading to cellular hypoxia

90
Q

Sorghum can contain both ____ and ____

A

cyanide and nitrate

91
Q

Nitrate poisoning causes _____ which results in ____, clinical signs include ____ mucous membranes, dyspnea, tachycardia, ataxia and tremors

A

causes methemoglobinemia which results in dark brown colored blood (reduced oxygen carrying capacity) - clinical signs include muddy mucous membranes

92
Q

Nitrate poisoning is treated with ______

A

1% methylene blue

93
Q

Name five nitrate accumulating plants

A

Pigweed (amaranthus), nightshades (solanum), oat hay, sorghum, rye and alfalfa

94
Q

What dis and why toxic

A

pigweed (amaranthus) - nitrate accumulating

95
Q

What dis and why toxic

A

Nightshades (solanum spp)

96
Q

Amsinckia intermedia (fiddleneck), senecio (common groundsel, common ragwort) and crotolaria spp are all both ____ and _____

A

hepatotoxic (pyrrolizidine alkaloid) and photosensitizing

97
Q

____ is a common example of a primary photosensitizing plant

A

St jogn’s wort (hypericum perforatum)

98
Q

what dis and why toxic

A

Hypericum perforatum (St Jogn’s wort) - primary photosensitizer

99
Q

Aminsinckia spp aka _____ contain the toxin ____

A

fiddlenecks; pyrrolizidine alkaloids

100
Q

What dis and what organ is it toxic to?

A

Amsinckia aka fiddleneck - hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids

101
Q

What dis and what organ is it toxic to?

A

Common groundsel aka senecio vulgaris; hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids

102
Q

What dis and what organ is it toxic to?

A

Senecio jacobeae aka common ragwort; hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidne alkaloids

103
Q

Lupine contains a ____ which induces ____ effects. It is a teratogen in ____ but not in ___, it causes “______ syndrome”

A

Lupine contains a quinolizidine alkaloid inducing nicotonic effects salivation, incoordination, head pressing, muscle tremors, dyspnea); It is a teratogen in cattle but not sheep (if exposed in utero 40-70 days gestation it causes “crooked calf syndrome”)

104
Q

Poison hemlock (conium maculatum) is ____-toxic and causes _____

A

neurotoxic - causes sudden death from respiratory failure

105
Q

Bracken Fern (pteridium aquilinum) is toxic to ___, ____, ___ and ____ because it contains a _____ which leads to _____

A

toxic to cattle, sheep, pigs and horses because it has a thiaminase which leads to polioencephalomalacia

106
Q

Black walnut is associated with ____ in horses

A

acute laminitis

NAVLE By Species (29 decks)

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