Non-species specific Flashcards
Enveloped viruses ____ in the environment whereas non-enveloped viruses _____ in the environment.
Enveloped viruses do not survive long in the environment whereas non-enveloped viruses persist in the environment.
Antigenic ____ refers to point mutations whereas antigenic _____ refers to the reassortment of genes when two viruses combine in one host cell.
Antigenic drift refers to point mutations whereas antigenic shift refers to the reassortment of genes when two viruses combine in one host cell.
Type A Influenza viruses are ___ stranded, segmented genome, _____ viruses. They have ___ [number]__ segments. There is some host specificity based on the linkage between _____ and _____ (ie human 2,6 or avian 2,3). The classification of type A influenza is based on the two segments _____ and _____, which are responsible for binding to the host cell and release from the host epithelium, respectively.
Type A Influenza viruses are single stranded, segmented genome, enveloped viruses. They have 8 segments. There is some host specificity based on the linkage between sialic acid and galactose (ie human 2,6 or avian 2,3). The classification of type A influenza is based on the two segments HA (hemaglutinin) and NA (neuramidase).
The most common strain of swine influenza virus is H___N___ which is clustered into alpha, beta, gamma and delta.
H1N1
What are some general signs of liver failure?
Failure to gain weight, depressed mentation, icterus, photosensitization (peeling skin, edema), tenesmus in cattle, reducing clotting capability
Which type of nystagmus is strictly associated with central vestibular disease?
Positional, vertical nystagmus
Type III hypersensitivities aka ______ are characterized by _____. Examples include _____.
immune complex; deposition of antibody:antigen complexes (usually more antigen than anibodies) in tissue. Example: SLE, glomerulonephritis, purpura hemorrhagica (secondary to strangles / strep equi)
Type I hypersensitivities are ______ and occur due to____
immediate; re-exposure of antigen leading to B cell production of IgE antibiotics. Ie atopic dermatitis, FAD, uticaria, bee stings
Type II hypersensitivity is also called _____ and is characterized by _____
cytotoxic; anti-body mediated destruction when antibodies (IgM and IgG) mark antigen for destruction. Ie IMHA, transfusion reactions, neonatal isoerythrolysis
Type IV hypersensitivity is also called ______ and is ___ mediated as opposed to ___ mediated.
delayed type hypersensitivity is cell-mediated as opposed to antibody mediated. Cytoxotic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ helper cells recognize antigen that is in MHC 1 or 2, activated CD8+ t cells destroy antigen containing cells. Examples include contact dematitis, tuberculin test, brucella, coccidiomycosis and histo.
Second-degree Mobitz type I heart block is known as _____ ; this refers to _____
Known as Wenkenbaching; progressive prolongation of P-R interval until there is a dropped QRS
In Second-degree Mobitz type II heart block, the P-R interval is _____ and there is ____
P-R interval duration is unchanged and occasionally you will observe a P wave without a QRS complex.
In first-degree heart block there is an increased _____ and no ___
Increased P-R interval and no dropped QRS.
In Third-degree AV block p-waves are _____
P waves are unassociated from the QRS complex.
Tall slender P wave (P pulmonale) indicate ___
Right atrial enlargement
Wide P wave (P mitrale) indicates _____
Left atrial enlargement
Left-to-right shunting PDA
continuous heart murmur, bounding arterial pulses. increased QRS amplitudes on electrocardiograph (due to left chamber enlargement), aneurysmal bulge of the aorta on thoracic radiographs.
The pressures on the right side of the heart (RA, RV, PA) are _____ than the left side (LA, LV, Ao)
lower
The systolic pressures of the atria are ____ compared to their respective ventricle
lower
“Valgus” or “Valgum” deformities mean the limbs _____ whereas “varus” or “varum” deformities mean the limbs ____.
Valgus -> together
Varum -> apart
Which type of salter harris fracture is this?
Type I - “slipped” through the growth plate only
Which type of salter harris fracture is this?
Type II - “above” through the growth plate and metaphysis
Which type of salter harris fracture is this?
Type III - “lower” through the growth plate and epiphysis
Which type of salter harris fracture is this?
Type IV - “through everything” through the metaphysis, growth plate and epiphysis
Which type of salter harris fracture is this?
Type V - “Rammed” compression across the growth plate
Abduction means the limbs go ___ midline, adductions means the limbs go ____ midine
abduction = away, adduction = towards
The Velpeau sling prevents ____ by _____
a very useful bandage which prevents weight-bearing on a foreleg and holds the joints of the limb in a flexed position
Spica splint
type of orthopedic splint used to immobilize the thumb and/or wrist while allowing other digits freedom to move
What suture pattern is this?
Connell
What suture patterns are pictured?
A is an everted (normal) horizontal mattress, B is an inverted horiztonal mattress (basically a cushing).
What dis and what organ is it toxic to?
Amsinckia aka fiddleneck - hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids
What dis and what organ is it toxic to?
Common groundsel aka senecio vulgaris; hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids
What dis and what organ is it toxic to?
Senecio jacobeae aka common ragwort; hepatotoxic due to pyrrolizidne alkaloids
