Drugs Flashcards
f4-Methylpyrazole (Fomepizole)
Antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity. Inhibits metabolism of EG in liver (inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase).
Less side effects and more potent than ethanol, but more expensive
Acepromazine is a _____ class sedative; it provides ___ and ____ but not _____. The mechanism of action is ____. It takes ____ minutes for onset and lasts for ___ hours. It is contraindicated in ____ breeds or ____ ____ as well as patients with ____ disease.
MOA: phenothiazine sedative; Dopamine antagonism
Provides: Sedation, reduction in MAC
Does not provide: analgesia
Administration: IM (onset 30-45min); lasts 3-6 hours
Contraindications: Liver disease. Giant breeds/sight hounds sensitive
SE: Causes hypotension in horses, causes splenic enlargement and sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen.
Acetaminophen aka ___ is an anti-___ and anti-____ but not an ____. The mechanism is not completely understood but it generally downregulates the production of ___. At high doses it is _____ and at any dose is potentially fatal to ___. This is because they lack the ____ enzyme, so the toxic metaboolite ____ builds up. This toxin causes ____ creating ____. Clinical signs include ______.
Analgesic and antipyretic (NOT an NSAID). Hepatoxic at high doses in most species, potentially fatal to cats. MOA not well understood but thought to downregulate production of prostaglandins.
** Toxic to cats due to lack of glucoronidation enzyme. In other species (dogs, etc), most of the drug is eliminated in the liver via glucoronidation, some undergoes sulfate conjugation and some is converted to toxic NAPQI compound via cyt-P450. Because cats lack the glucoronidation enzyme, more of the toxic NAPQI is produced. NAPQI oxidizes hemoglobin creating methemoglobin. Clinical signs include cyanosis, respiratory distress, heinz body anemia, hematuria and hemoglobinuria, facial and paw edema, and icterus. 1 extra strength tablet can cause fatality in cats.
Acetozolamide is a _____ inhibitor that works at the _____ in the kidney.What can it be used to treat?
Acetozolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that works at the proximal tubule in the kidney. Due to its mechanism of action, it can be used to treat metabolic alkalosis, as a diuretic or to treat glaucoma.
Normally, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reversible enzymatic reaction _____ + _____ <—> _____. ___ acid is then spontaneously converted to _____ and _____.
Normally, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reversible enzymatic reaction CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is then spontaneously converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
laxatone is ____
a petroleum/mineral oil gel used to treat hairballs in long haired cats
Adriamycin
Doxorubicin
chemotherapeutic drug;
SE: Cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and GI side effects.
Afoxalaner (Nexguard)
Class; Isoxazoline
Species: Dogs only (>8wks)
Action: Kills adult fleas and ticks, fda approved to prevent lyme infection via black legged ticks,
Duration: 1 month chewable tablets
Notes: Beef flavored chew. Can be used in conjunction with ivermectin.
Nexgard Plus (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel)
Species: Dogs only (>8wks)
1) afoxolaner = isoxazoline, Kills adult fleas and ticks + prevents lyme, 2) moxidectin = macrocyclic lactone, heartworm prevention and intestinal parasites such as roundworms and hookworms
3) pyrantel = , treats hook worms (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, A. braziliense) and round worms (Ascarids aka toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina)
Duration: 1 month chewable tablets
Notes: Beef flavored chew. Can be used in conjunction with ivermectin.
Allopurinol
uric acid reducer in dogs, cats, and birds and as an alternative treatment for Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis
Use with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction
SE: gastric effects, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic
sometimes used as treatment for gout in bird but may not be effective
Alprazolam, better known as ___ is a _____. Caution should be used with patients that have ____ or ____ disease.
(Xanax) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative
Caution with hepatic or renal disease
SE: sedation, behavior changes, and contradictory response, physical dependence is possible, may impede training.
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic - good against predominantly gram-negative aerobic bacilli
SE: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade
Aminocaproic acid
facilitates clot stabilization by blocking the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, inhibiting fibrinolysis
Contraindicated for DIC, expensive in large dogs
Amitraz (Mitaban)
only FDA approved treatment for Demodex canis. Mitaban is used as a dip and should be administered in a hospital. Mitaban can be difficult to obtain and application is time-consuming when there are other treatment options that can be similarly effective although used “off-label”
Mitaban should be used cautiously in animals with skin lesions since more system absorption of Mitaban will occur which increases the likelihood of toxic effects.
Toxic to cats and rabbits
Amitriptyline
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
- has been used in cats with cystitis know to flare up with stress but has no direct effect on spasms in the urethra
Amlodipine
Antihypertensive:
Calcium channel blocker works by preventing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby causing vasodilation.
Amoxicillin
effective against gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus. It is absorbed orally and can be administered in water to birds with susceptible bacterial infections
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with same spectrum as ampicillin (ineffective against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase
Amphotericin
Systemic antifungal used for serious mycotic infections
SE: nephrotoxic in dogs
Ampicillin
Beta lactam antibiotic; bactericidal aminopenicillin; broad spectrum
IV only in dogs and cats (poor oral absorption)
if given orally in rabbits can precipitate Clostridial enterotoxemia
Amprolium
Can be used to treat of prevent coccidiosis
zero withdrawal time
Thiamine analog antiprotozoal (coccidia)
Prolonged high doses can cause thiamine deficiency
SE: occasional GI or neuro effects
Apraclonidine
eye drops used to test for Horners Syndrome -> reversal of anisocoria
alpha 2 adrenergic agonist used to reduce aqueous humor secretion.
Atenolol
beta-blocker, reduces heart rate, LV contractility, and also reduces myocardial oxygen demands.
ex. cat with HCM especially is outflow obstruction exists.
ex. treatment of atrial fibrillation - will slow AV nodal conduction to decrease the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation.
Atipamezole
Medetomidine or xylazine reversal agent
Alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist
Atracurium
non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that acts by competitively binding to cholinergic receptors at the motor endplate.
More potent in horses, contraindicate in dogs with myasthenia gravis (hypersensitive)
Atropine
Prototype antimuscarinic agent used for a variety of indication (bradycardia, premed, antidote, etc.)
Contraindicated in cats with feline asthma - thickens bronchial secretions and encourages mucous plugging of airway (beta blocker = bronchoconstrictor)
- decreases salivary secretions facilitating intubation in cats
Azathioprine
SE: bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, acute pancreatitis (not nephrotoxic)
purine antagonist immunosuppressive agent that can be used to treat unresponsive IBD in dogs, but not cats.
Bacitracin
Component of triple antibiotic Neosporin
Used in poultry
Narrow spectrum: Streptococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes.
Betamethasone valerate
injectable and topical glucocorticoid
Long-acting, 25x more potent than hydrocortisone, no mineralocorticoid activity
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
Used to treat diarrhea and as a component of”triple therapy” for Helicobacter GI infections
SE: can cause feces to darken and look like melena when given orally. Forms bismuth sulfide in the colon, which is a very dark compound that makes feces black and can lead to the misdiagnosis of melena.
Bromocriptine
dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor used in dogs for pregnancy termination or pseudopregnancy, in horses for pituitary adenomas
SE: GI, CNS depression, hypotension
Budesonide
corticosteroid: used to treat IBR in cats
Budesonide concentrates its effect in the gastrointestinal tract, thus fewer system side effects as compared to prednisolone
Buprenorphine
partial mu agonist, kappa antagonist
buccal administration in cats
Butorphanol
Partial mu antagonist, kappa agonist.
Can be used to reverse oxymorphone
Cabergoline
ergot-derived dopamine agonist
Useful for inducing/synchronizing estrus in dogs and as an abortifacient in dogs or cats
Calcium gluconate
used to treat hyperkalemia by antagonizing the effects of elevated serum potassium on the myocardium, it does nothing to lower serum potassium. Its action is targeted at keeping the myocardial tissue normally excitable so the heart rhythm does not develop a life-threatening bradycardia as seen with untreated hyperkalemia
Carbimazole
used outside of US and Canada for treatment of feline hyperthyroidism
SE: hypersensitivity
CCNU (Lomustine)
Antineoplastic usually used for CNS neoplasms, mast cell tumors or as a rescue agent for lymphosarcoma in dogs
and cats
Several risks and side effects
Cefpodoxime
Oral 3rd generation cephalosporin that may be useful in dogs or cats(off license), often for skin disease
SE: hypersensitivity
Ceftiofur
4 day withdrawal time in meat
3rd generation cephalosporin
SE: hypersensitivity reaction, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, or diarrhea
ex. bovine respiratory disease
Cephalexin
first generation cephalosporin
Chloramphenicol
not licensed for use in food animals
Caused aplastic anemia in humans; very cautious when handling
Broad spectrum antibiotic: hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic (especially in cats)
Chlorhexidine
A topical drug implicated in ototoxicity and peripheral vestibular disease.
Cimetidine
Prototype histamine-2 blocker used to reduce GI acid production (newer agents may be more effective)
SE: hypersensitivity, caution in geriatric patients, hepatic or renal insufficiency
Cisapride
Oral GI prokinetic agent
Use: GI stasis, reflux esophagitis (dogs, cats), constipation/megacolon (cats) and post-op ileus (horses)=
MOA: serotonin 5-HT4 agonist, promotes release of acetylcholine in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates gastric motility without increasing gastric, pancreatic or biliary secretions. Specifically, tone of LES increases, tone of atrium increases, pylorus relaxes, peristalsis of duodenum and jejunum increase. Little effect on colon.
ADME: rapidly absorbed, 30-60% bioavailable WITHOUT food, less available if given with food, metabolized via P450
Contraindications: GI hemorrhage, GI obstruction, GI perforation
SE: generally well tolerated. Occasional hypersensitivity, GI perforation/obstruction, hemorrhage - effects appear to be minimal in cats
Dosage: Cats: up to 1mg/kg q8h 30min before feeding (generally 2.5-5mg per CAT), Dogs: start at 0.1-0.5mg/kg q12h 30 min before feeding and can go up to 0.5-1mg/kg q12h 30 min before feeding
Cisplatin
Platinum antineoplastic agent used for a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas’ palliative control of neoplastic pulmonary effusions with intracavitary administration
SE: fatal pulmonary edema in cats, nephrotoxicity
Clavamox
A broad spectrum antibacterial - amoxiclav
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor that expands spectrum. Not effective against pseudomonas or enterobacter
Clomipramine
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
SE: vomiting, constipation, anorexia, can affect testicular size/function
Clorazepate
(Tranxene) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant in dogs and cats
Use extreme caution in aggress (especially fear aggressive) animals
SE: sedative and ataxia
Clotrimozole
anti-fungal otic solution
Cyclophosphamide
antineoplastic/immunosuppressive used in cats and dogs
SE: in dog - sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (due to breakdown product of the drug called acrolein), myelosuppression and GI side effects. Encourage animals to drink a lot of water and urinate frequently. Alopecia in poodle and sheep dog
Desmopressin
Used to pretreat animals with Von Willebrands before surgery
synthetic vasopressin analogue used to treat diabetes insipidus and Von Willebrands
Detomidine
alpha 2 sedative-analgesic used primarily in horses
ma respond (i.e. kick) to external stimuli)
Initial BP increase, then bradycardia/heart block
Dexmedetomidine
an alpha-2 agonist drug used for sedation; it is the S-enantiomer of medetomidine
Diazepam
calcium channel blocker and can be used to slow AV nodal conduction and ventricular response rate
SE: in cat: repeat oral diazepam has been linked to idiosyncratic fulminant hepatic necrosis in some cats due to first pass metabolism
Benzodiazepine sedative that can effectively cause appetite stimulation in cats. Best administered IV to achieve effect.
Diethylstilbestrol
Used to treat urinary incontinence in dog - synthetic estrogen used in dogs primarily for estrogen responsive incontinence and other estrogen indications (prostatic hypertrophy, estrus induction, etc.)
Prohibited for use in food animals
SE: of bone marrow suppression in the incontinent bitch,
Digoxin
cardiac glycoside will increase vagal tone to the AV node to slow conduction and decrease the heart rate
used to slow atrioventricular conduction is the setting of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias or for systolic dysfunction.
Diltiazem
Slows the heart by inhibiting influx of calcium into myocardial cells
used to treat supraventricular tachycardias to slow down the AV node
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Antihistamine used primarily for its antihistamine effects, but with various indications (prevent motion sickness, sedative, antiemetic, etc.)
SE: CNS depression and anticholinergic effects, GIT but less common
Dobutamine
Parenteral, rapid acting inotropic agent for short-term treatment of heart failure. It is also useful in shock patients when fluid therapy alone has not restored acceptable arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or tissue perfusion.
SE: ectopic beats, increased HR, increased BP, chest pain.
Dopamine
Catecholamine; at high doses is used as an alpha agonist to increase peripheral resistance and increases arterial blood pressure
at lower doses dilates the renal, mesenteric, coronary, and intracerebral vascular beds; at higher doses, system peripheral resistance is increased and hypotension treated.
Doxapram
CNS/respiratory stimulant used to stimulate respiration in newborns or after anesthesia
Doxorubicin (Adriamycis)
Injectable antibiotic antineoplastic widely used alone or in combination for small animals
Chemotherapeutic drug, causes tissue necrosis if extravascular injection - cold compress to reduce spread in case of occurance
SE: cardiotoxic (Doberman, Boxer, Rottweiler, Great Danes), pancreatitis,
SE: renal toxicity (in cat)
Doxycycline
tetracycline antibiotic, longer half-life than other tetracyclines, efficacious treatment fo Lyme disease in people.
SE: can result in delayed bone growth and discoloration of the teeth in young growing animals and is thus contraindicated.
Droncit
Primarily for cestodes (tapeworms)
Enalapril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used as a vasodilator, antihypertensive agents, and heart failure treatment. It works by conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus reducing aldosterone concentrations and causing diuresis. It dilatory effects on the efferent arterioles of glomeruli help to palliate protein-losing nephropathies. It is often used in conjunction with diuretics.
used to treat protein-losing nephropathy
Enrofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic - bactericidal
Safest antibiotic in guinea pigs
Epinephrine
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist agent used systemically for treating anaphylaxis and cardiac resuscitation
Erythromycin
Macrolide antibiotic; also used as a prokinetic agent
do not give to rabbits, gerbils, guinea pigs and hamsters - gram + creates problems with gut flora
Famotidine (pepcid)
gastro-protectant used to raise the pH of the stomach
Fenbendazole
Anthelmintic useful for a variety of parasites in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, swine. etc.
Ascarids, hookworms, and tapeworms in dogs
strongyles and pinworms in horses
Finquel (tricaine methanesulfonate - MS-222)
only FDA approves agent for fish anesthesia. Mandatory 21-day withdrawal period
Fipronil
GABA-regulated chloride channel inhibitor used for fleas and ticks in dogs or cats
Flea medication; toxic to rabbits, kittens, and puppies
Florfenicol
Broad spectrum antibiotic approved for use in cattle
do not use in dairy cow >20 months, 28 day withdrawal IM, 38 SC
for interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle
Fluconazole
Mallsezia dermatitis
Antifungal particularly useful for CNS infections
SE: nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic
Flumazenil
Benzodiazepine antagonist to reverse either OD’s or therapeutic effects
