Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
f4-Methylpyrazole (Fomepizole)
A
Antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity. Inhibits metabolism of EG in liver (inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase).
Less side effects and more potent than ethanol, but more expensive
2
Q
Acepromazine is a _____ class sedative; it provides ___ and ____ but not _____. The mechanism of action is ____. It takes ____ minutes for onset and lasts for ___ hours. It is contraindicated in ____ breeds or ____ ____ as well as patients with ____ disease.
A
MOA: phenothiazine sedative; Dopamine antagonism
Provides: Sedation, reduction in MAC
Does not provide: analgesia
Administration: IM (onset 30-45min); lasts 3-6 hours
Contraindications: Liver disease. Giant breeds/sight hounds sensitive
SE: Causes hypotension in horses, causes splenic enlargement and sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen.
3
Q
Acetaminophen aka ___ is an anti-___ and anti-____ but not an ____. The mechanism is not completely understood but it generally downregulates the production of ___. At high doses it is _____ and at any dose is potentially fatal to ___. This is because they lack the ____ enzyme, so the toxic metaboolite ____ builds up. This toxin causes ____ creating ____. Clinical signs include ______.
A
Analgesic and antipyretic (NOT an NSAID). Hepatoxic at high doses in most species, potentially fatal to cats. MOA not well understood but thought to downregulate production of prostaglandins.
** Toxic to cats due to lack of glucoronidation enzyme. In other species (dogs, etc), most of the drug is eliminated in the liver via glucoronidation, some undergoes sulfate conjugation and some is converted to toxic NAPQI compound via cyt-P450. Because cats lack the glucoronidation enzyme, more of the toxic NAPQI is produced. NAPQI oxidizes hemoglobin creating methemoglobin. Clinical signs include cyanosis, respiratory distress, heinz body anemia, hematuria and hemoglobinuria, facial and paw edema, and icterus. 1 extra strength tablet can cause fatality in cats.
4
Q
Acetozolamide is a _____ inhibitor that works at the _____ in the kidney.What can it be used to treat?
A
Acetozolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that works at the proximal tubule in the kidney. Due to its mechanism of action, it can be used to treat metabolic alkalosis, as a diuretic or to treat glaucoma.
5
Q
Normally, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reversible enzymatic reaction _____ + _____ <—> _____. ___ acid is then spontaneously converted to _____ and _____.
A
Normally, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reversible enzymatic reaction CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is then spontaneously converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
6
Q
laxatone is ____
A
a petroleum/mineral oil gel used to treat hairballs in long haired cats
7
Q
Adriamycin
A
Doxorubicin
chemotherapeutic drug;
SE: Cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and GI side effects.
8
Q
Afoxalaner (Nexguard)
A
Class; Isoxazoline
Species: Dogs only (>8wks)
Action: Kills adult fleas and ticks, fda approved to prevent lyme infection via black legged ticks,
Duration: 1 month chewable tablets
Notes: Beef flavored chew. Can be used in conjunction with ivermectin.
9
Q
Nexgard Plus (afoxolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel)
A
Species: Dogs only (>8wks)
1) afoxolaner = isoxazoline, Kills adult fleas and ticks + prevents lyme, 2) moxidectin = macrocyclic lactone, heartworm prevention and intestinal parasites such as roundworms and hookworms
3) pyrantel = , treats hook worms (Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, A. braziliense) and round worms (Ascarids aka toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina)
Duration: 1 month chewable tablets
Notes: Beef flavored chew. Can be used in conjunction with ivermectin.
10
Q
Allopurinol
A
uric acid reducer in dogs, cats, and birds and as an alternative treatment for Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis
Use with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction
SE: gastric effects, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic
sometimes used as treatment for gout in bird but may not be effective
11
Q
Alprazolam, better known as ___ is a _____. Caution should be used with patients that have ____ or ____ disease.
A
(Xanax) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative
Caution with hepatic or renal disease
SE: sedation, behavior changes, and contradictory response, physical dependence is possible, may impede training.
12
Q
Amikacin
A
Aminoglycoside antibiotic - good against predominantly gram-negative aerobic bacilli
SE: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade
13
Q
Aminocaproic acid
A
facilitates clot stabilization by blocking the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, inhibiting fibrinolysis
Contraindicated for DIC, expensive in large dogs
14
Q
Amitraz (Mitaban)
A
only FDA approved treatment for Demodex canis. Mitaban is used as a dip and should be administered in a hospital. Mitaban can be difficult to obtain and application is time-consuming when there are other treatment options that can be similarly effective although used “off-label”
Mitaban should be used cautiously in animals with skin lesions since more system absorption of Mitaban will occur which increases the likelihood of toxic effects.
Toxic to cats and rabbits
15
Q
Amitriptyline
A
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
- has been used in cats with cystitis know to flare up with stress but has no direct effect on spasms in the urethra
16
Q
Amlodipine
A
Antihypertensive:
Calcium channel blocker works by preventing calcium influx into vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby causing vasodilation.
17
Q
Amoxicillin
A
effective against gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus. It is absorbed orally and can be administered in water to birds with susceptible bacterial infections
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with same spectrum as ampicillin (ineffective against bacteria that produce beta-lactamase
18
Q
Amphotericin
A
Systemic antifungal used for serious mycotic infections
SE: nephrotoxic in dogs
19
Q
Ampicillin
A
Beta lactam antibiotic; bactericidal aminopenicillin; broad spectrum
IV only in dogs and cats (poor oral absorption)
if given orally in rabbits can precipitate Clostridial enterotoxemia
20
Q
Amprolium
A
Can be used to treat of prevent coccidiosis
zero withdrawal time
Thiamine analog antiprotozoal (coccidia)
Prolonged high doses can cause thiamine deficiency
SE: occasional GI or neuro effects
21
Q
Apraclonidine
A
eye drops used to test for Horners Syndrome -> reversal of anisocoria
alpha 2 adrenergic agonist used to reduce aqueous humor secretion.
22
Q
Atenolol
A
beta-blocker, reduces heart rate, LV contractility, and also reduces myocardial oxygen demands.
ex. cat with HCM especially is outflow obstruction exists.
ex. treatment of atrial fibrillation - will slow AV nodal conduction to decrease the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation.
23
Q
Atipamezole
A
Medetomidine or xylazine reversal agent
Alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist
24
Q
Atracurium
A
non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that acts by competitively binding to cholinergic receptors at the motor endplate.
More potent in horses, contraindicate in dogs with myasthenia gravis (hypersensitive)
25
Atropine
Prototype antimuscarinic agent used for a variety of indication (bradycardia, premed, antidote, etc.)
Contraindicated in cats with feline asthma - thickens bronchial secretions and encourages mucous plugging of airway (beta blocker = bronchoconstrictor)
- decreases salivary secretions facilitating intubation in cats
26
Azathioprine
SE: bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, acute pancreatitis (not nephrotoxic)
purine antagonist immunosuppressive agent that can be used to treat unresponsive IBD in dogs, but not cats.
27
Bacitracin
Component of triple antibiotic Neosporin
Used in poultry
Narrow spectrum: Streptococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes.
28
Betamethasone valerate
injectable and topical glucocorticoid
Long-acting, 25x more potent than hydrocortisone, no mineralocorticoid activity
29
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
Used to treat diarrhea and as a component of"triple therapy" for Helicobacter GI infections
SE: can cause feces to darken and look like melena when given orally. Forms bismuth sulfide in the colon, which is a very dark compound that makes feces black and can lead to the misdiagnosis of melena.
30
Bromocriptine
dopamine agonist and prolactin inhibitor used in dogs for pregnancy termination or pseudopregnancy, in horses for pituitary adenomas
SE: GI, CNS depression, hypotension
31
Budesonide
corticosteroid: used to treat IBR in cats
Budesonide concentrates its effect in the gastrointestinal tract, thus fewer system side effects as compared to prednisolone
32
Buprenorphine
partial mu agonist, kappa antagonist
buccal administration in cats
33
Butorphanol
Partial mu antagonist, kappa agonist.
Can be used to reverse oxymorphone
34
Cabergoline
ergot-derived dopamine agonist
Useful for inducing/synchronizing estrus in dogs and as an abortifacient in dogs or cats
35
Calcium gluconate
used to treat hyperkalemia by antagonizing the effects of elevated serum potassium on the myocardium, it does nothing to lower serum potassium. Its action is targeted at keeping the myocardial tissue normally excitable so the heart rhythm does not develop a life-threatening bradycardia as seen with untreated hyperkalemia
36
Carbimazole
used outside of US and Canada for treatment of feline hyperthyroidism
SE: hypersensitivity
37
CCNU (Lomustine)
Antineoplastic usually used for CNS neoplasms, mast cell tumors or as a rescue agent for lymphosarcoma in dogs
and cats
Several risks and side effects
38
Cefpodoxime
Oral 3rd generation cephalosporin that may be useful in dogs or cats(off license), often for skin disease
SE: hypersensitivity
39
Ceftiofur
4 day withdrawal time in meat
3rd generation cephalosporin
SE: hypersensitivity reaction, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, or diarrhea
ex. bovine respiratory disease
40
Cephalexin
first generation cephalosporin
41
Chloramphenicol
not licensed for use in food animals
Caused aplastic anemia in humans; very cautious when handling
Broad spectrum antibiotic: hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic (especially in cats)
42
Chlorhexidine
A topical drug implicated in ototoxicity and peripheral vestibular disease.
43
Cimetidine
Prototype histamine-2 blocker used to reduce GI acid production (newer agents may be more effective)
SE: hypersensitivity, caution in geriatric patients, hepatic or renal insufficiency
44
Cisapride
Oral GI prokinetic agent
Use: GI stasis, reflux esophagitis (dogs, cats), constipation/megacolon (cats) and post-op ileus (horses)=
MOA: serotonin 5-HT4 agonist, promotes release of acetylcholine in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates gastric motility without increasing gastric, pancreatic or biliary secretions. Specifically, tone of LES increases, tone of atrium increases, pylorus relaxes, peristalsis of duodenum and jejunum increase. Little effect on colon.
ADME: rapidly absorbed, 30-60% bioavailable WITHOUT food, less available if given with food, metabolized via P450
Contraindications: GI hemorrhage, GI obstruction, GI perforation
SE: generally well tolerated. Occasional hypersensitivity, GI perforation/obstruction, hemorrhage - effects appear to be minimal in cats
Dosage: Cats: up to 1mg/kg q8h 30min before feeding (generally 2.5-5mg per CAT), Dogs: start at 0.1-0.5mg/kg q12h 30 min before feeding and can go up to 0.5-1mg/kg q12h 30 min before feeding
45
Cisplatin
Platinum antineoplastic agent used for a variety of carcinomas and sarcomas' palliative control of neoplastic pulmonary effusions with intracavitary administration
SE: fatal pulmonary edema in cats, nephrotoxicity
46
Clavamox
A broad spectrum antibacterial - amoxiclav
Bactericidal aminopenicillin with beta-lactamase inhibitor that expands spectrum. Not effective against pseudomonas or enterobacter
47
Clomipramine
tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), act, in part, by inhibiting serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake but they are not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.
SE: vomiting, constipation, anorexia, can affect testicular size/function
48
Clorazepate
(Tranxene) antidepressant, benzodiazepine derivative anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic and anticonvulsant in dogs and cats
Use extreme caution in aggress (especially fear aggressive) animals
SE: sedative and ataxia
49
Clotrimozole
anti-fungal otic solution
50
Cyclophosphamide
antineoplastic/immunosuppressive used in cats and dogs
SE: in dog - sterile hemorrhagic cystitis (due to breakdown product of the drug called acrolein), myelosuppression and GI side effects. Encourage animals to drink a lot of water and urinate frequently. Alopecia in poodle and sheep dog
51
Desmopressin
Used to pretreat animals with Von Willebrands before surgery
synthetic vasopressin analogue used to treat diabetes insipidus and Von Willebrands
52
Detomidine
alpha 2 sedative-analgesic used primarily in horses
ma respond (i.e. kick) to external stimuli)
Initial BP increase, then bradycardia/heart block
53
Dexmedetomidine
an alpha-2 agonist drug used for sedation; it is the S-enantiomer of medetomidine
54
Diazepam
calcium channel blocker and can be used to slow AV nodal conduction and ventricular response rate
SE: in cat: repeat oral diazepam has been linked to idiosyncratic fulminant hepatic necrosis in some cats due to first pass metabolism
Benzodiazepine sedative that can effectively cause appetite stimulation in cats. Best administered IV to achieve effect.
55
Diethylstilbestrol
Used to treat urinary incontinence in dog - synthetic estrogen used in dogs primarily for estrogen responsive incontinence and other estrogen indications (prostatic hypertrophy, estrus induction, etc.)
Prohibited for use in food animals
SE: of bone marrow suppression in the incontinent bitch,
56
Digoxin
cardiac glycoside will increase vagal tone to the AV node to slow conduction and decrease the heart rate
used to slow atrioventricular conduction is the setting of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias or for systolic dysfunction.
57
Diltiazem
Slows the heart by inhibiting influx of calcium into myocardial cells
used to treat supraventricular tachycardias to slow down the AV node
58
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Antihistamine used primarily for its antihistamine effects, but with various indications (prevent motion sickness, sedative, antiemetic, etc.)
SE: CNS depression and anticholinergic effects, GIT but less common
59
Dobutamine
Parenteral, rapid acting inotropic agent for short-term treatment of heart failure. It is also useful in shock patients when fluid therapy alone has not restored acceptable arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or tissue perfusion.
SE: ectopic beats, increased HR, increased BP, chest pain.
60
Dopamine
Catecholamine; at high doses is used as an alpha agonist to increase peripheral resistance and increases arterial blood pressure
at lower doses dilates the renal, mesenteric, coronary, and intracerebral vascular beds; at higher doses, system peripheral resistance is increased and hypotension treated.
61
Doxapram
CNS/respiratory stimulant used to stimulate respiration in newborns or after anesthesia
62
Doxorubicin (Adriamycis)
Injectable antibiotic antineoplastic widely used alone or in combination for small animals
Chemotherapeutic drug, causes tissue necrosis if extravascular injection - cold compress to reduce spread in case of occurance
SE: cardiotoxic (Doberman, Boxer, Rottweiler, Great Danes), pancreatitis,
SE: renal toxicity (in cat)
63
Doxycycline
tetracycline antibiotic, longer half-life than other tetracyclines, efficacious treatment fo Lyme disease in people.
SE: can result in delayed bone growth and discoloration of the teeth in young growing animals and is thus contraindicated.
64
Droncit
Primarily for cestodes (tapeworms)
65
Enalapril
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used as a vasodilator, antihypertensive agents, and heart failure treatment. It works by conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thus reducing aldosterone concentrations and causing diuresis. It dilatory effects on the efferent arterioles of glomeruli help to palliate protein-losing nephropathies. It is often used in conjunction with diuretics.
used to treat protein-losing nephropathy
66
Enrofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic - bactericidal
Safest antibiotic in guinea pigs
67
Epinephrine
Alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist agent used systemically for treating anaphylaxis and cardiac resuscitation
68
Erythromycin
Macrolide antibiotic; also used as a prokinetic agent
do not give to rabbits, gerbils, guinea pigs and hamsters - gram + creates problems with gut flora
69
Famotidine (pepcid)
gastro-protectant used to raise the pH of the stomach
70
Fenbendazole
Anthelmintic useful for a variety of parasites in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, swine. etc.
Ascarids, hookworms, and tapeworms in dogs
strongyles and pinworms in horses
71
Finquel (tricaine methanesulfonate - MS-222)
only FDA approves agent for fish anesthesia. Mandatory 21-day withdrawal period
72
Fipronil
GABA-regulated chloride channel inhibitor used for fleas and ticks in dogs or cats
Flea medication; toxic to rabbits, kittens, and puppies
73
Florfenicol
Broad spectrum antibiotic approved for use in cattle
do not use in dairy cow \>20 months, 28 day withdrawal IM, 38 SC
for interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle
74
Fluconazole
Mallsezia dermatitis
Antifungal particularly useful for CNS infections
SE: nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic
75
Flumazenil
Benzodiazepine antagonist to reverse either OD's or therapeutic effects
76
Fluoxetine
(Prozac) anti-depressant and SSRI that can be used to treat cats for anxiety related disorders at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg orally once daily
77
Furosaminde
loop diuretic used in the treatment of heart failure
78
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic good activity against a variety of bacteria, predominantly gram-negative aerobic bacilli
SE: nephrotoxic, ototoxic, neuromuscular blockade
toxic to birds
79
Griseofulvin
fungistatic antibiotic used primarily for ringworm and other dermatophytic infections, no effect on other fungi
80
Guaifenesin
central acting muscle relaxant
SE: mild hypotensive effect and increase in cardiac rate
Acts centrally by blocking nerve impulse transmission at the internuncial neuron level in the subcortical brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Should be careful not to give too much because early signs of toxicity are in the form of increased rigidity -\> if overdosed can cause respiratory and cardiac arrest.
81
Haloperidol
dopamine antagonist - antipsychotic
82
Halothane
Hypermetabolic reaction, use when treating malignant hyperthermia
83
Isoproterenol
non-specific beta receptor agonist and will increase the ventricular rate in response to atrial fibrillation
rarely used, for acute bronchial constriction, cardiac arrhythmias (complete AV block) and as adjunctive therapy in shock or heart failure.
84
itraconazole
antifungal - ringworm in cat, systemic mycoses, including aspergillosis, cryptococcal meningitis, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis
SE - in dogs: ulcerative skin lesions (7% when being used at higher dose), anorexia, hepatic toxicity
85
Ivermectin
prototype avermectin as an anti-parasiticide
Caution in collie breeds
SE: neuro signs in turtles - toxic
Can be used "off-label" to treat Demodex canis
86
KBr therapy
for epileptic dog - SE: sedation
SE: linked to severe lower respiratory symptoms if pneumonia in approximately 35% of cats.
87
Ketamine
Dissociative anesthetic
SE: causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, associated with seizures in epileptic dogs.
It is considered seizureogenic and has poor muscle relaxation effects, however it provides good analgesia.
88
Ketoconazole
antifungal sometimes used for Candida infections, malassezia
SE: hepatotoxic and will cause elevated liver enzymes that should be monitored closely. It is a potent inhibitory to P450 enzyme and can significantly affect metabolism of other drugs.It can cause adrenal insufficiency and actually is sometimes used as an alternative treatment for Cushing's. Anorexia is a common and important side effect, especially in cats.
89
L-asparaginase
SE: pancreatitis and anaphylaxis - protein enzyme and therefore may elicit an immune response. Anaphylaxis is rare but usually would occur only after a patient had received a prior dose and developed antibodies to it.
As a medication it is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
90
Lactulose
causes decreased colonic pH, preventing ammonia absorption to treat hepatic encephalopathy
Also, acts as a cathartic and causes decreased intestinal transit time, it prevents ammonia formation through a process known as catabolite repression, and it is a carbohydrate source which can be used by colonic flora as an alternative to protein, preventing ammonia formation.
laxative
91
Lente Insulin
8-20 hour duration, intermediate acting insulin
92
Lidocaine
Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic agent: reversible blockade of sodium channels, preventing propagation of an action potential along the nerve fiber. Sensory nerves blocked before motor allowing selective sensory block at low dose Class 1b anti arrhythmic actions, decrease rate of ventricular firing, action potential duration and absolute refractory period and increase relative refractory period
4 day meat withdrawal
93
Lomustine
Antineoplastic usually used for CNS neoplasms, mast cell tumors or as a rescue agent for lymphosarcoma
SE: hepatotoxicity
94
Lufenuron
flea medication; brand name Program. Systemic insect development regular that prevents flea growth. For cats, dogs, rabbits and ferrets. It does NOT kill adult fleas nor does it repel fleas. Because the effects are targeting offspring, the overall flea control effects can take several months. Therefore, this medication works better in combination with other products for long-term control as opposed to a sole therapy. Lufenuron is found combined with milbemycin in SENTINEL FLAVOR TABS (milbemycin oxime, lufenuron). Milbemycin controls heartworms, hookworms, roundworms, and whipworms. Add praziquantel to control tapeworms and you now have SENTINEL SPECTRUM CHEWS (milbemycin oxime, lufenuron, and praziquantel), the 30-day, chewable preventive that protects against 6 types of parasites.
95
Mannitol
osmotic diuretic used to acute oliguric renal failure, reduce intraocular and intracerebral pressures, enhance urinary excretion of some toxins and with other diuretics to rapidly reduce edema of ascites
96
Maropitant
anti-emetic
97
Medetomidine
alpha 2 adrenergic sedative analgesic used primarily in dogs and cats, but also in exotics.
SE: bradycardia, occasional AV blocks, decreased respiration, hypothermia
98
Melatonin
pineal gland hormone
treatment for Alopecia X, behavior disorders in cat/dog, adjust seasonally controlled fertility, and adjunctive treatment for adrenal disease in ferrets
99
Meloxicam
NSAID COX-2 preferential
SE: in cat - linked to idiosyncratic renal failure when given in multiple doses in some cats
15 day meat withdrawal in cattle
100
Methimazole
Treatment for hyperthyroidism in cat,
SE: facial pruritis leading to self-induced excoriation
101
Methocarbamol
Treatment for strychnine toxicity (snail bait)
central acting muscle relaxant
SE: sedation, salivation, emesis, lethargy, weakness and ataxia
102
Metoclopramide
Stimulated upper GIT motility and has antiemetic properties
SE: changes in behavior, constipation
103
Metronidazole
primarily for anaerobes, also used as antiprotozoal (giardia)
useful in birds against anaerobic infections such as Clostridium and some protozoa such as Trichomonas, Giardia, and Cholosoma
104
Mexiletine
oral class I antiarrhythmic drug that is well tolerated in dogs - used if frequent ventricular ectopy is seen, particularly with runs or R-on-T episodes.
105
Milbemycin
otic solution for ear mites, heartworm prophylaxis
Can be used "off-label" to treat Demodex canis
106
Mirtazapine
an atypical antidepressant with noradrenergic and specific serotonergic activity
107
Misoprostol
prostaglandin E1 analog for treating or preventing gastric ulcers especially associates with NSAIDs; may also be used as an abortifacient, treat atopy, or cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity
108
Mitotane
Adrenal cytotoxic agent used for the medical treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
109
Mometasone
glucocorticoid or corticosteroid used topically to reduce inflammation of the skin or in the airways
110
Monensin
a polyether antibiotic from the group of carboxylic ionophores produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis
Monensin is used extensively in the beef and dairy industries to prevent coccidiosis, increase the production of propionic acid and prevent bloat.[9] Furthermore, monensin, but also its derivatives monensin methyl ester (MME), and particularly monensin decyl ester (MDE) are widely used in ion-selective electrodes
111
Morphine
full mu agonist
causes significant histamine release (do not use in patient with mast cell tumor)
SE: bradycardia
112
Naloxone
Used to reverse oxymorphone
113
Neomycin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic used orally (gut "sterilization") or in topical formulations
Poor GI absorption in feline GIT - like most aminoglycosides
Most nephrotoxic to horses of the amioglycosides
114
Nicarbazin
coccidiostat used on meat chickens. It is also used as a contraceptive for population control of Canada geese and feral pigeons
4 day withdrawal time
115
Nitazoxanide
Has activity against a variety of protozoa, nematodes, bacteria and trematodes (including giardia)
Approved for use in horses (EPM) and humans (Giardia and Cryptosporidia)
116
Nitroglycerin paste
venodilator, anti-hypertensive, used for congestive heart failure
117
Nitroprusside
vascular, smooth muscle relaxant used for acute/severe hypertension, acute heart failure secondary to mitral regurgitation and in combo with dopamine for refractory congestive heart failure
SE: hypotensive effects
118
Nitrous oxide
Moves into closed gas spaces so not suitable for use in surgeries involving the GIT
119
NPH insulin
Isophane insulin,
120
Omeprazole
proton pump inhibitor used to GI ulcers and erosions
121
Op'-DDD (mitotane or lysodren)
Adrenal cytotoxic agent used for medical treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
122
Oxacillis
used to test for methicillin resistance on culture and sensitivity
oral and intramammary isoxazolyl (anti-staphylococcal) penicillin
123
Oxymorphone
full mu agonist
reversed with Naloxone
Butorphanol can also be used to reverse mu agonists like oxymorphone.
SE: respiratory depression and bradycardia
124
Oxytetracycline (LA200)
28 day meat withdrawal time
tetracycline antibiotic, many bacteria are now resistant, may still be very useful tot treat mycoplasma, rickettsia, spirochetes, and Chlamydia
birds: poorly absorbed orally and is given intramuscularly although is can cause irritation/necrosis at injection sites
125
Penicillin
Not safe in Guinea Pigs
126
Penicillin G
prototypical penicillin agent used for susceptible gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes
10 day meat withdrawal time
127
Permethrin
flea medication: repellent and adulticide but is toxic to cats
128
Phenobarbitol
barbiturate used primarily as an antiseizure medication; also used as a sedative agent, give IV SLOWLY
broken down in the liver
129
Phenothiazine
Cause sedation, but do not provide analgesia, decrease sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias.
SE: of hypotension in dogs, may decrease hematocrit due to splenic sequestration of red blood cells
130
Phenylephrine
alpha-adrenergic used parenterally to treat hypotension without cardiostimulation
SE: hypertension, serious injuries if extra-vascular
131
Phenylpropanolamine
sympathomimetic used to treat urinary incontinence from urethral hypotonicity most often in dogs
132
Phenoxybenzamine
can be used to reduce internal urethral sphincter tone such that a cat may urinate more easily (use post obstruction or urinary catheter placement resulting in hypertonicity of urethral muscle) in cat
133
Pimobenden
Oral drug that may be useful in treatment of congestive heart failure in dogs secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic mitral valve insufficiency
SE: may increase risk of arrhythmias
134
Piroxicam
NSAID with anti-inflammatory and antitumor (indirect) activity
SE: GI ulceration and bleeding, renal papillary necrosis, and peritonitis
135
Polymyxin B
antibiotic primarily used for resistant Gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa
protects horses against endotoxaemia
136
Ponazuril
Equine approved triazine for treating EPM
137
Potassium bromide (KBr)
anti-epileptic medication
138
Pradofloxacin
Bone marrow suppression in dogs
3rd generation enhanced spectrum veterinary antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class
139
Praziquantel
Anticestodal anthelmintic also may be useful for other parasites (Dipylidium caninum, Taenia)
140
Prednisone
Classic glucocorticoids used for many conditions in many species. Antiinflammatory activity is 4x more potent than hydrocortisone; has some mineralocorticoid activity
141
Procainamide
call 1A anti-arrhythmic primarily used for treatment of ventricular premature complexes, ventricular tachycardia, and can be used in attempts to convert atrial fibrillation to a normal sinus rhythm, though it is rarely effective.
Efficacy questionable in dogs
142
Propofol
rapid-acting anesthetic agent often used to induction of anesthesia
Does not result in any significant cardiac changes. Ultra-short in duration, can cause apnea and myoclonus, and is considered anticonvulsive. It may cause a mild bradycardia but you mainly see that when used in combination with other opiates. Recently ben associated with myocardial depression and hypotension in critically ill dogs
143
Propranolol
non-specific beta blocker primarily used in vet med as an antiarrhythmic agent
SE: bradycardia, impaired AV conduction, hypotension, worsen congestive heart failure, syncope, bronchoconstriction
144
Psyllium
For horses with sand colic, laxative with the ability to bind sand and to increase stool consistency in patients with chronic, watery diarrhea
145
Pyrantel
Pyrimidine anthelmintic used primarily for ascarids in a variety of species
146
Pyridostigmine
Anticholinesterase used for the treatment of Myasthenia gravis
147
Pyrimethamine
Folic acid inhibitor used primarily (in combination) for toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, and EPM
148
Pyriproxyfen
flea medication; insect growth regulator only
149
PZI Insulin
Protamine zinc suspension; variable duration
150
Ranitidine
H2 receptor antagonist similar to cimetidine, but fewer drug interactions. Used to reduce output in stomach; also has prokinetic activity. Used to treat or prevent erosive gastritis, gastric, abomasal and duodenal ulcers, uremic gastritis, esophagitis, gastric reflux, etc.
151
Regular Insulin
shortest lasting, most potent form
152
Revolution
For fleas, heartworm, hookworms, roundworms, and ear mites
153
Robenidine
antibiotic used for the control of coccidiosis, a debilitating protozoal infection in poultry
5 day withdrawal period
154
Romifidine
a sedative mainly in large animals such as horses, although it may be used in a wide variety of species
alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist
155
Sodium levothyroxine
Synthetic T-4 Used to treat hypothyroidism
156
Spinosad
flea medication; should never be used with extra-label doses of Ivermectin
157
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist used as a potassium-sparing diuretic or for adjunctive treatment for heart failure
SE: hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and dehydration
158
Streptomycin
Toxic in Guinea Pigs
Least nephrotoxic to horses of the aminoglycosides
159
Strongid paste contains ____ and controls _____
Strongid paste = pyrantel pamoate, controls large strongyles, roundworms and pinworms in horses > 2mo. For horses at higher risk of parasite exposure, STRONGID C 2X (pyrantel tartarate) is a daily feed additive to prevent the above parasites.
160
Succinylcholine
depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
161
Sucralfate
Locally-acting treatment for GI ulcers; may also be protective
162
sulfadiazine
folate inhibitor - antimicrobial agent - bacteriostatic agent
163
Sulfadimethoxine
5 day withdrawal time
7 day meat withdrawal time
Anti-arasitic agent used to treat the coccidia parasites (ex. Isospora in cats)
164
Sulfaquinoxaline
Coccidiosis
10 day withdrawal time
165
Sulfasalazine
Sulfa analog that has GI antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity; used for inflammatory bowel disease.
SE: keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dog
166
Tamoxifen
estrogen antagonist and has been associated with causing pyometra in dogs
167
Temozolomide (Temodar)
dog - an oral chemotherapy drug. It is an alkylating agent used as a treatment of some brain cancers; as a second-line treatment for astrocytoma and a first-line treatment for glioblastoma multiforme
168
Terbinafine
antifungal used to treat Aspergillus and dermatophytes in birds; can be used to treat Malassezia and dermatophytosis in dogs and cats
169
Terbutaline
Feline asthma
beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator and sometimes used to treat bradyarrhythmias
SE: increased HR and excitation
170
Testosterone
testosterone responsive urinary incontinence in neutered male dogs and cats
Used in bovine medicine to produce a heat detecting animal
171
Thiabendazole
Benzimidazole anthelmintic; also has antifungal (dermatophytes) action
Parasitic resistance is an issue
172
Thiopental
ultra-short fast acting thiobarbiturate that causes an increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and decreased cardiac contractility. It is also an arrhythmogenic agent. Induces splenic engorgement; thus making surgical manipulation and removal of the spleen more difficult.
173
Theophylline
Bronchodilator drug with diuretic activity; used for bronchospasm and cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Narrow therapeutic index
174
Tobramycin
Topical - aminoglycoside effective against most gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas (most common cause of bacterial keratitis)
SE: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
175
Toceranib phosphate
(Palladia) - first FDA-approved treatment for neoplams in dog
a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of canine mast cell tumor
176
Tolazoline
An alpha 2 antagonist; can be used as a reversal for xylazine.
8 day meat withdrawal
177
Trilostane
Competitive inhibitor of 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase thereby reducing synthesis of cortisol, aldosterone and adrenal androgens.
May be useful in dogs as a treatment for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal dependent hyperadrenocorticism, alopecia X, feline pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, and in horses for equine hyperadrenocorticism
178
Trimethoprin sulfa
Trimethoprim is bactericidal, blocks conversion of dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid
Can use to treat Isospora in cats
SE: keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dog, hypersensitivity reaction in Dobermans
179
Ultralente Insulin
intermediate acting extended insulin
180
Vasopressin
Primarily used as a diagnostic agent and sometimes for treatment for central (ADH-responsive) diabetes insipidus. Treatment of hypotension.
181
Vinblastine (velban)
Vinca alkaloid antineoplastic used for a variety tumors in dogs (and sometimes cats)
182
Vincristine
A vinca alkaloid antineoplastic used for a variety tumors in dogs and cats (primary lymphoid and hematopoietic neoplasms), may also be used for the treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
SE: paralytic ileus
SE: in cat - microtubule poison and can cause neuropathies such as paralytic ileus and demyelination
183
Xylazine
Shortest acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for its sedative and analgesic in a variety of species; sometimes used as an emetic in cats.
Causes bradycardia after administration. It may also cause first of second-degree atrioventricular block due to enhancement of vagal tone.
4 day meat withdrawal
184
Yohimbine
alpha 2 antagonist that can be used to reverse alpha 2 agonists such as xylazine
185
Name the available α2 agonists and what species/forms they are typically used in.
Clonidine, romifidine, detomidine, xylazine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine. The latter three have been the most widely used drugs in small animal medicine. Xylazine still enjoys popularity in equine and food animal medicine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine have replaced xylazine in dogs and cats as the alpha-2 of choice, due to their greater alpha-2:alpha-1 affinity (approximately 1620:1 for medetomidine, vs. 160:1 for xylazine). This increased selectivity results in more predictable and effective sedation and analgesia and fewer side effects. In equine medicine, xylazine produces sedation for ~20min whereas detomidine and romifidine produce sedation for ~90min. For small animals clonidine is used as an oral anxiolytic whereas IV/IM formulations of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are used as sedative or anesthetic agents.
186
Name the drugs that are prohibited or restricted in food animals in the US?
1) Cancer causing: diethylstilbestrol (DES), nitroimidazole, nitrofurans, chloramphenicol, Sulfonamide drugs in lactating dairy cattle except for the approved use of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfaethoxypyridazine
2) Toxic reactions: chloramphenicol (aplastic anemia), clenbuterol, phenylbutazone in female dairy cows
3) Antimicrobial resistance: no ELDU of flouroquinolones bc important for salmonella and anthrax (enrofloxacin and danofloxacin can be used per label), no vancomycin (only glycopeptide, human 3rd line drug), no ELDU of cephalosporins, no antivirals in chickens/ducks/turkeys (amantadine and neuramidases)
187
Potential side effects of azathioprine include what four things? Which is most common? Which organ is typically not effected?
Hepatotoxivity, bone marrow suppression, GI upset and acute pancreatitis. GI upset most common. Kidneys typically not effected.
188
Can azathioprine be used in cats?
With great caution, due to deficiency in thiopurine methyltransferase
189
When this drug is used as an appetite stimulant in cats it can cause acute fulminant hepatic necrosis
oral diazepam
