Oncology

Question 1

A common chem finding with Anal sac adenocarcinomas is

Answer 1

associated with hypercalcemia

Question 2

Ther most common anal sac tumor in dogs is _____. Dogs typically present for ____ or _____. There is typically concurrent _____ on chem. The most common site of metastasis is ______, so ___ is an important staging tool. Treatment invovles ______.

Answer 2

Ther most common anal sac tumor in dogs is apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA). Dogs typically present for tenesmus or licking around the perianal region. There is typically concurrent hypercalcemia on chem. The most common site of metastasis is sublumbar lymph nodes, so abdominal ultrasound is an important staging tool. Treatment involves surgical excision and radiation +/- chemotherapy.

Question 3

Basal cell tumor

Answer 3

represent a heterogeneous group of cutaneous epithelial neoplasms recognized most commonly in cats, less commonly in dogs, occasionally in horses and sheep, and seldom in other domestic animals. These neoplasms are composed of a proliferation of small basophilic cells that exhibit morphology reminiscent of the progenitor cells of the epidermis and adnexa. As these tumors have been examined more closely, evidence of differentiation (follicular, sebaceous, etc) has been discovered, giving justification for reclassification. For example, in dogs, what in the past was called a basal cell tumor is best characterized as a trichoblastoma, a tumor of hair bulb (the site of the follicle that produces the hair shaft) origin.

Question 4

Carcinoma

Answer 4

These tumors come from epithelial cells including cells of glandular tissue such as salivary glands, mammary glands, and cell lining most tissues including squamous cell or transitional cells. The cytologic appearance is that of cohesive clusters of cells. Cells are often polygonal in shape.

Question 5

CHOP chemotherapy protocol

Answer 5

Cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and prednisone are the drugs in a CHOP chemotherapy protocol used to treat dogs and cats (and people) with high grade or large cell lymphoma, which more commonly manifest as a large focal mass rather that diffuse thickened intestines.

Question 6

Erythropoietin secretion

Answer 6

associated with renal carcinomas, causing elevations in hematocrit as a paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 7

Hemangiosarcoma

Answer 7

right atrium in dog most commonly affected, associated with thrombocytopathy. Can results in cardiac tamponade from excessive accumulation of fluid in the pericardium resulting in an increased intrapericardial pressure impairing diastolic filling of the heart.

Question 8

Histiocytoma

Answer 8

common in dogs and rare in goats and cattle; it is debatable whether they are found in cats. Strong immunohistochemical evidence suggests that in dogs they are derived from Langerhans (intraepidermal antigen processing) cells. These tumors are typically seen in dogs <3.5 yr old but can be seen at any age. English Bulldogs, Scottish Terriers, Greyhounds, Boxers, and Boston Terriers are most at risk. The head (including the pinnae) and limbs are the most common sites of involvement. These classic “button tumors” appear as solitary, smooth, pink, raised nodules that are generally covered by alopecic skin, or they may be ulcerated. They are freely movable. Although a common neoplasm, histiocytomas are not always easy to diagnose histologically and can be confused with granulomatous inflammation, mast cell tumors, plasmacytomas, and cutaneous lymphosarcomas. Canine histiocytomas should be considered benign, and most resolve spontaneously within 2–3 mo without treatment. Surgical excision is optional once the diagnosis is established (which can often be made via cytology).

Question 9

Hyperadrenocorticis

Answer 9

caused by functional adrenal or pituitary tumors

Question 10

Hypercalcemia

Answer 10

associated with anal sac adenocarcinomas, lymphomas and other tumors

Question 11

Hyperestrogenism

Answer 11

can be seen with Sertoli cell tumors

Question 12

Hypertrophic osteopathy

Answer 12

Due to pulmonary neoplasia

Question 13

Lymphomas

Answer 13

associated with hypercalcemia, first treatment option for cats is an L-asparaginase trial.

Question 14

Mammary tumors

Answer 14

Almost always malignant and will eventually metastasize in cats and about 50% in dogs of which on 50% will eventually metastasize. tumor >2 cm is a negative prognostic indicator in cats.

Question 15

Mast cell tumour

Answer 15

associated with causing GI ulcers (histamine via activation of H2 receptors or gastric parietal cells), perioperative hypertension, and coagulation abnormalities. Do not use morphine in patient with MCT due to significant histamine release, butorphanol and ketamine do not, acepromazine has some histamine. MCT release histamine, heparin (causes coagulopathy), and other vasoactive amines (with histamine leads to vasodilation and hypotension).

Question 16

MCT high grade - treatment

Answer 16

Start a tyrosine kinase inhibitor chemotherapy drug

Mast cell tumors are highly responsive to radiation therapy, but with clean excision and wide surgical margins, local recurrence is unlikely. Metastasis is the primary concern and a wait and monitor approach is not advised. Even with no evidence of metastasis at the time of surgery, chemotherapy should be initiated as soon as possible. Common protocols include single agent or alternating vinblastine and lomustine. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors target c-kit, a stem cell factor receptor involved in mast cell proliferation and differentiation.

Question 17

Most common intranasal tumor in cat

Answer 17

lymphosarcoma

Question 18

Most common intranasal tumor in dog

Answer 18

Adenocarcinoma

Question 19

Multiple myeloma

Answer 19

Associated with thrombocytopathy

Question 20

Nasal Adenocarcinoma

Answer 20

nasal plane of dog

Question 21

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma bovine

Answer 21

“cancer eye” heritable in cattle

Question 22

Osteosarcoma

Answer 22

diaphysis most common site of origin

most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia.

Question 23

Papillomas in Saanen goats

Answer 23

Tend to transform into squamous cell carcinomas

Question 24

Patnaik grading system

Answer 24

Grade 3 tumors are highly metastatic.

Question 25

Peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Answer 25

soft tissue/low grade

Question 26

Primary Intraocular tumor in cow

Answer 26

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 27

Primary Intraocular tumor in dogs and cats

Answer 27

melanoma

Question 28

Renal cacinoma

Answer 28

associated with polycythemia, erythropoietin secretion, causing elevations in hematocrit as a paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 29

Round cell tumors

Answer 29

There are 5 round cell tumors and most, but not all, come from blood cells. They are lymphoma, mast cell tumors, plasma cell tumors, histiocytic tumors, and transmissible venereal tumors. Remember, these are sometimes also referred to as sarcomas (i.e. lymphosarcoma or histiocytic sarcoma). Cytologically, they appear usually as large populations of cells that are not in defined clusters. The cells have a round shape, often with unique identifiable features such as the purple granules in mast cell tumors.

Question 30

Sarcoma

Answer 30

These tumors come from mesenchymal cells and are named by the specific cell type such as fibroblast (fibrosarcoma) and osteoblasts (osteosarcoma). Cytologically, they tend to appear as isolated spindle-shaped cells with elongated cytoplasm and often oval nuclei.

Question 31

Sebaceous Gland Tumour is dog

Answer 31

most common type of skin tumour - ulcerated

Question 32

Sertoli Cell Tumours

Answer 32

estrogen secreting (hyperestrogenism), cause budgerigar to change color from blue to brown. Quite common in dogs with cryptorchid testes and cause the clinical signs of truncal alopecia, hyperpigmentation, gynecomastia, urinating in a female position, and bone marrow dyscrasias such as aplastic anemia.

Question 33

Small Cell (low-grade) intestinal lymphoma

Answer 33

Considered an indolent or slow progressive form of lymphoma and can be effectively treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone. This form of lymphoma is sometimes thought to develop from the progression of inflammatory bowel disease in cats. Chlorambucil is an oral alkylating agent that is usually well tolerated with few side effects. Many cats live several years with this form of lymphoma and this treatment.

Question 34

Thrombocytopathy

Answer 34

can be seen with hemangiosarcoma and multiple myeloma

Question 35

Thymoma

Answer 35

Tensilor response test

Question 36

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Answer 36

In dog, palliatively manage with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as piroxicam. Progression-free interval and survival can be extended with the addition of chemotherapy. The most commonly used agents are carboplatin, cisplatin, and mitoxantrone. Although cisplatin is effective against TCC, is has increased nephrotoxicity with piroxicam and is less commonly used these days. Secondary infections can be treated with appropriate antibiotics

Question 37

The most common tumor of the oral cavity in cats is

Answer 37

Sqamous cell carcinoma

Question 38

A dog presenting for a growing, hyperpigmented, alopecic nodule on the right hind limb with a history of _____ in the last ___ months may have a _____. Treatment is _____.

Answer 38

A dog presenting for a growing, hyperpigmented, alopecic nodule on the right hind limb with a history of rabies vaccination in the last 6 months may have a vaccine reaction. Lesions usually resolve on their own but pentoxifyline or prednisone can be effective as well.

Question 39

What is a histiocyte?

Answer 39

Histiocyte describes three populations of cells; peripheral blood monocytes, tissue macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells

Question 40

TVT is treated with ____

Answer 40

vincristine

Question 41

Doxorubicin causes ___ in dogs and ___ in cats

Answer 41

cardiomyopathy in dogs; nephrotoxicity in cats

Question 42

A mammary tumor in a cat is malignant ____ percent of time, whereas in a dog it is malignant _____ percent of time.

Answer 42

90% malignancy rate in cats, 50% dogs

Question 43

The most common oral tumor in dogs is ____ and ____% are metastatic, commonly to the ____. The prognosis varies with size, treatment and location. Depending on size the prognosis is _____. Treatment involves ___.

Answer 43

The most common oral tumor in dogs is Oral Malignant Melanoma and 80% are metastatic, commonly to the lymph nodes, lungs, nail beds or skin. The prognosis is 17 mo for small tumors <2cm and 5.5 months for larger tumors >5cm. Treatment is surgical exicision with wide margins followed by cisplatin or carboplatin chemotherapy.

Question 44

The most common oral tumor in cats is ____, the second most common is ____

Answer 44

squamous cell carcinoma followed by fibrosarcoma